Business International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business International Law - Essay Example However, this fund is just made accessible after the country requiring the loan has applied certain structural adjustment program (www.imf.org). Structural Adjustment Programs (also known as SAPs) are economic policies created by each country but having shared common principles. These common principles include the devaluation of currency against the dollar, export-led development, privatization, and improved free market practices. States following SAPs are usually obliged to balance their budgets, release import and export limitations, and lessen or stop state subsidies as well as price controls. While the IMF obliges states to make an effort to balance their budgets, they object to the plan of raising taxes. As an alternative, states practicing SAPs are generally required to cut expenses for education, healthcare and social services (Battikha, 2002). These SAPs are the chief cause of such a quarrel over the International Monetary Fund. However, using a liberal view it can be seen that in 'most' of the cases SAPs hurt the states more than they aid. The execution of SAPs has become the source of riots and disputes. Algeria can be taken as an example of it. In October 1988, riots were caused due to the high prices and increased unemployment caused by the implementation of SAPs. During the riots more than 200 people were killed. In order to support this point some more examples would be helpful. Like during the riots in Jordan, due to the increase in prices brought about by SAPs, five citizens were killed in April 1989. In Venezuela, from February 28th to March 2nd, 1989, approximately 600 inhabitants were killed and more than 1000 injured as riots broke out because of the increase in fuel and public transportation prices, caused by SAPs (www.Whirledbank.org). IMF worked in Thailand during 1980s when the state was facing a depression resulted due to a rise in the price of oil, decrease in the costs of agricultural exports, heavy burden of foreign debts and deficit in the external financial accounts. A stabilization program was designed for Thailand which was supported with a strategic structural adjustment program and was implemented with a joint effort of The World Bank and IMF. This helped Thailand to recover from the financial instability it was going through from. Furthermore it is established that the similar instruments which were used by the IMF in tackling

The stories we have studied Essay Example for Free

The stories we have studied Essay In the Blue Carbuncle Watson is again narrating the story. We see Holmes persuasive techniques and how he also doesnt reveal too much to Henry Baker. Its quite certain that he knows nothing whatever about the matter, we also see his persuasive techniques when he convinces the goose seller to show him the records. But Ill have a sovereign on with you, just to teach you not to be obstinate. Holmes here appeals to the sellers greedy side, as soon as money is mentioned he shows him the records. The Musgrave Ritual is narrated originally by Watson but Holmes tells the story of the Musgrave ritual. The butler makes quite and interesting criminal because he can speak a few other languages so he is a bit cleverer than an average butler. He has started deciphering the Musgrave ritual and when he is caught in Musgraves desk he pleads with Musgrave, Only a week, sir. He cried in a despairing voice The way he talks tells us that he is close to discovering the secret and that he only needs one more week. Towards the end of the story, Musgrave says What is it then? He gasped in astonishment, he says this because Holmes is about to tell him that he has found the ancient crown of the king of England. Throughout Doyles stories involving Sherlock Holmes he gives us insights into the view of Victorian England at the time. In the Speckled Band we see that there are lots of manors littered around the countryside and we also see that because people are rich they believe that they are above the law. We also see the want for money, and we see how far Dr Roylott was going to go to get it. The Man with the Twisted Lip shows us the poorer part of Victorian England; it shows Mrs Neville St Clair travelling up Upper Swandam Lane which is a typical poor place in London. We also learn that most of the races that have come to England have poor jobs, like we see Lascar-who is a black, running the opium den. The Blue carbuncle shows us that Geese were a familiar Christmas food (Turkeys came later). It gives us an insight into how geese were either town bred or country bred. Mrs Oakshott breeds geese in her backyard as a means of income and this shows Victorian women being enterprising. The Musgrave ritual shows us that they have Butlers and maids who lived and worked in estates for the rich. We also gain a further insight into the amount on manors and estates in Victorian England. Doyle uses two main characters within his Sherlock Holmes stories: Watson and Holmes. Both of these characters contrast vastly and I think that this contrast works well together in delivering the reader/audience with entertainment. Throughout the stories I have read Watson is often the funny character whereas Holmes is the one who solves the cases and has interesting habits. We see this within the Blue Carbuncle when Watson and Holmes are examining Henry Bakers hat. My dear Holmes! Watson said this when Holmes revealed all his knowledge that he could extract from Henry Bakers hat. This creates humour and acts as a contrast to Holmes more professional mood. In Conclusion I think that the Sherlock Holmes stories retain our interest today and remain so popular because of the contrasting characters of Watson and Holmes. Another reason is how Doyle varies the structure of the stories and how he makes the reader guess what has happened. Doyle also uses words like ejaculated to describe Holmes speech and this would appeal to people today as well as people in Victorian England.

Teaching Philosophy Statement Essay -- Philosophy of Teaching Educatio

Teaching Philosophy Statement Dewey defined education as the reconstruction and reorganization of experiences, which increases one’s ability to direct the course of subsequent experiences and these experiences can be both active and passive. However, according to Lindemand, the education experience is, first of all doing something; second, doing something which makes a difference; and third, knowing what difference it makes. While on the other hand Maxine Green said, â€Å"to do educational philosophy is to become critically conscious of what is involved in the complex business of teaching and learning. As an individual who is anticipating becoming an educator in today’s complex teaching field, my philosophy is one that will reflect a blending of the educational foundations in which the concept of education was first introduced to the populus. From Plato’s idealism that the everyday world of things and objects is merely a fleeting, shadowy copy of the true ideas which the soul carries which encourages students to seek a higher level of thinking (Hamm 1974, 212). Idealism also includes the cultural heritage and wisdom which each student should be encouraged to share by being knowledgeable about it, participating in sharing it and elaborating it through their own contributions in the classroom and in the community. Because all students should be motivated to seek their inner learning potential, they must also realize that rules and regulations are essential in our society if the concept of democracy is to survive and be passed on to each new generation. Personal experiences and scientific methods through empirical, objective, and experiments with precise measurements are a common sense appro... ... learning and teaching then one must be committed to the establishment of national standards for teachers and students. If as a teacher, I am to use the Education Goals as a building foundation, then as a member of the teaching profession, I must at the beginning of my career have a commitment to establish national teaching standards and an accurate way to assess the students. These standards must take into account the wishes, desires, and rules that involve parents, local communities, sate and federal requirements regarding funding resources. These standards must provide for real-time with students, time which allows for a cooperating relationship to develop between teacher and student which will afford a true learning environment that includes appropriate support systems, and a caring friendly attitude to the customer who uses the public school system.

Lifes Simple Pleasures in William Wordsworths I Wandered Lonely as a

Life's Simple Pleasures in William Wordsworth's I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud Edna St. Vincent Millay once wrote, "And all the loveliest things there be come simply, so it seems to me." This aphorism clearly accents the meaning of William Wordsworth's poem "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud." In his work, the speaker reminisces about a past experience in which he saw a beautiful multitude of daffodils swaying in the breeze. As he recollects this scene, the speaker gradually realizes the true beauty he had found that day. Often, some of the simplest things in life go unnoticed and untouched, when, in reality, they are the most precious. Consequently, it is not until after these extraordinary things are gone forever that their significance is truly understood. Through careful choice of similes, personification, and diction, William Wordsworth clearly expresses that it is the simple things in life, such as Nature, that is so important. One element Wordsworth incorporates in his poem to signify the necessity of simplicity in one's life is the simile. The speaker begins his recollection with the emptiness he holds inside as he "wandered lonely as a cloud / That floats on high o'er vales and hills" (Wordsworth 1-2). This simile symbolizes the speaker's yearning for something more fulfilling as he wanders through life. Often, clouds become separated from the rest and are left to wander aimlessly through the sky until they find more clouds to fulfill their emptiness. Wordsworth chooses a cloud to echo the speaker's state because, like a cloud, the speaker perhaps feels separated from everything in life and is simply floating through the patches of daffodils without a destination or purpose in hopes that someday he will discover fulfil... ...t: Gale Research, 1986. 389. Perkins, David. Wordsworth and the Poetry of Sincerity. Cambridge: Belknap, 1964. Pottle, Frederick A. "They Eye and the Object in the Poetry of Wordsworth." Wordsworth: Centenary Studies Presented at Cornell and Princeton Universities by Douglas Bush and Others (1951): 23-42. Rpt. in <http://www.galenet.com/servlet/LitRC>. Salvesen, Christopher. The Landscape of Memory: A Study of Wordsworth's Poetry. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1965. Wordsworth, William. "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud." The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. 5th ed. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1999. 1127. -. "Preface." Lyrical Ballads. By William Wordsworth. 1957. 111-133. Rpt. in Nineteenth-Century Criticism. Ed. Laurie Lanzen Harris and Cherie D. Abbey. Detroit: Gale Research, 1986. 388-389.

Media Science-Stories vs. Scientific

This paper talks about the different ways on how Non-human Animal Communication is laid out. It is mainly a comparison of various takes on the topic, including scientific research, media science stories and how it is being laid out in the natural world. The scientific research it will tackle is about the role of the physical environment on the animal acoustic communication. This is more on the scholarly way of tackling the topic of non-human animal communication, and is based on extensive studies and research.Another approach is from National Geographic News, which is about a speech project that will be able to understand the communication between non-human animals. This is a media science approach wherein it mixes scientific knowledge regarding non-human animal communication and the dissemination of information through mass media. National Geographic is a well-known scientific knowledge provider through various media means, like print and television. Accompanying material: Disagreements Between Experts in Natural SciencesThe approach on the topic will be on how they will be able to mix the products of scientific research with the mainstream information paths like television shows and environmental magazines. The final approach that will be tackled will be regarding an internet article which came from an unknown author regarding the concept of language for animal communications. This take is more on how most of the people see the topic, making them able to conceive certain ideas, just like what is stated in the internet article.Non-human animal communication is one of those topics wherein humans have no solid grasp of understanding. There are various efforts in order to understand more of the concept, but still, knowledge about it still remains limited. One of the efforts being done to further understand this is through scientific research. Many scientists and researchers conduct experiments on how they would be able to establish information regarding the communication of animals.They test on the possible means of communication, like body signals, excretion of chemicals, or even telepathically, which is not really on the realm of the human understanding. One of these researches is about animal acoustic communication, wherein it emphasizes on the physical characteristics of the world which is perceived by the organism or animal that is being focused on. This research article has been published in the Journal of Comparative Psychology by two authors, which are both from the Animal Behavior Graduate Group of the University of California, Davis (Rundus and Hart).This article tackles on how the physical environments of the non-human animals play a very big role in their lives. It affects the way they communicate with each other, having certain effects on their communicative signals, since these signals directly reflect the physical characteristics of the environment they are living in. The examples that were tack led were the communication of whales, elephants, frogs and many other animals. It also talked about the different purposes of their communication, like for social relationships, parental bonds, or mating calls.There are various conditions which were given in order for the communication of these animals to be established. The first condition is the communication of animals in the terrestrial environments. This is comparably the most familiar way of communication to us humans, since we are also terrestrial organisms. This is affected by the physical barriers like different land formations and materials around the terrestrial environments.This affects the transmission of signals, which are mainly caused by various factors like the type of substrate, the amount and type of foliage, and various geological formations in the area. Communication signals which are transmitted through the air, or airborne signals are also said to be affected by certain factors in the atmosphere, like the temp erature of the environment, the speed of the wind, the humidity, turbulence, and also depending on the time of the day or even the season.Another condition is the communication in the aquatic environment. This is considerably different from that of the terrestrial world, wherein there are different factors to consider. Land dwelling animals greatly differ from the aquatic animals.   It is said that aquatic signals are far more different in the degree of the influence in the terrestrial signals. The propagation of these signals is greatly different, wherein the acoustic signal is several hundred times less than that of the signals propagated in the air. Because of this, acoustic signals are deemed to travel much greater distances in the water. However, these signals are subject to greater distortion of the communicative signals when it passes over long distances.Humans are also said to intervene with the communication patterns of these animals. The animals’ context of the na tural environment is greatly affected by man’s efforts in creating structures or modifying the place to their suiting. Because of these, the animals are forced to adapt with the changes, thus changing their communication patterns as well. Hunting and food gathering of humans have also affected the animal communication, wherein they are forced to seek places away from the people hunting them. Boats in the oceans have distorted the communication patterns of aquatic animals, since their communication signals are also affected. The communicative changes are then adopted by these animals, thus affecting their communication patterns permanently.Another article on non-human animal communication is from the National Geographic News, which is about understanding animal communications. This is more of an exposition of what researchers call as the Dr. Dolittle Project, wherein it aims to learn more about the animal communication. This is in order to help not only the researchers, but al so the people to have a better grasp of animal’s behavior, so that they will be able to improve the means of taking care of them, especially for those in the wild or for the captive animal populations.A researcher said that in the past, humans are trying their best to teach animals on how they will be able to communicate like humans. It’s just high time for us to change that thinking, and try to learn their language, instead of making these animals learn ours (Mott).An example is learning how elephants communicate. This is by using a program that captures the elephant’s behavior then puts it into data which is a modified human speech recognition program. This is able to alert the scientists if there are any changes, including the physiological indicators of the animal.They are using the technology in order to understand these animals more, and that they are able to apply this successfully on elephants. Elephants have been made to wear collars with digital microp hones so that the sound will be captured as they go about their daily lives. After the day, the collars will be removed and the information stored their will be analyzed.One of the aspects that were focused on was the emotion in the elephant’s voices. This is manifested by the hierarchy of the elephants, wherein the subordinates were found to be nervous when they are around   higher-ranking members, an act just like that experienced by humans when they are around their superiors. It is found that there was a nervous jitter in their voices when they approach the superior animals in their herd.The last article is from an internet source, which have an anonymous source. It is more on the author’s opinion regarding the concept of non-human animal communication, wherein the author believes that language does not separate animals and humans, and that animals do have their language, and that they have the ability of cognitive thought. This is because of the animals’ possession of senses; they are able to see, hear and feel things in their environment. Language is their means to communicate to the world, and it is impossible that they have no actual connection with the world. Their connection is established by that language (Anonymous).The article expounds the author’s idea that animals are capable of thought and intention since they have certain abilities like sight and auditory capabilities. This is in comparison with the human’s gauge of mental aptitude which is language. The author quotes what other scientists have said regarding language, which is attached to human mentality. Human mentality is definitive of language competence, and that this language gives the people a grasp of their world, their environment. Because of this they are able to understand their world better.SummaryThe differences on the various ways of writing on science lie on who they are addressed to. Scientific Research is the most reliable means of writing on science, since they present the facts straight from the research itself, including the findings of the experiments. Scientific research offers a truthful, factual slice of information straight from the researchers and the scientists.The only problem is the format that the information is being presented. It is not readily understandable by those who don’t know much of the language the scientific research is written. It is highly technical, so it is assumed that the level of those who will read the scientific research is also high, wherein they are able to understand the raw information being presented to them. This limits this information to those who are able to understand it from how it is written.Comparing this to media science stories, these scientific writing is comparably understandable to a wider range of audience. It is formatted to be understood by a lot of people, especially the masses. National Geographic News presents light information to the people, and they ba ck up the highly technical information that they offer with explanations coming from the researchers themselves. But the problem with this is that the information being delivered becomes diminished, to the point that it doesn’t necessarily give out the specifics of what is being written. This scientific writing doesn’t focus on the scientific process itself, instead, it tackles more on the outputs of the research and how it will be useful to the people.On the other hand, the least factual, least reliable scientific writing is the opinions from the people other than scientists or researchers. This is not first hand information, instead, just a summary of their understandings of the topic, which is in this case, the non-human animal communication. The author condenses other information that he got from other authors and other researches and puts it into his own words. This is a highly opinionated writing, that’s why it is necessary to be critical regarding the tru thfulness of the information being presented.Bibliography:Anonymous. â€Å"Animal Communication†.   2005.   Planet Papers. May 2 2007.Mott, Maryann. â€Å"Animal â€Å"Speech† Project Aims to Decode Critter Communication†.   2006. Ed. National Geographic News.   National Geographic. May 2 2007. .Rundus, Aaron S., and Lynette A. Hart. â€Å"Overview: Animal Acoustic Communication and the Role of the Physical Environment.† Journal of Comparative Psychology Vol. 116.Issue 2 (2002): pp. 120-22.

Affects of the Enlightenment essays

Affects of the Enlightenment essays Many men and women had significant impacts on the historical period known as the Enlightenment. Three men that had such an impact on the Enlightenment were Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Montesquieu. Each of these men had different theories and ideas about what type of government there should be. This resulted in many people having different opinions on how the government should rule their country. Due to this, the Enlightenment was a very chaotic and opinionated period. During the seventeenth century, England was on the verge of a civil war. It was split between an absolute monarchy and a self governed society. One man who believed in absolute monarchy was Thomas Hobbes. He believed in totalitarianism, which is when the government controls every aspect of your life. He believed this because he said that people could not have a self governed society because people are naturally corrupt and that a self governed society would cause chaos. Hobbes also supported absolutism because there was a non-educated population, and if that population governed itself, there would be craziness. He advocated that an absolute monarchy would protect the people and bring peace throughout the society. To share his ideas with the rest of the world, he published a book called Leuathon. This book shared his beliefs about absolutism. Hobbes felt very strong about his beliefs and he had many supporters. But there were other enlightened thinkers who disagreed with him. John Locke was also an enlightened thinker but disagreed with Hobbes. Locke believed in a limited government. He believed in this because a limited government was established to protect the people and their rights. Locke stated that the people had a right to overthrow the government if it violated their natural rights. The natural rights were liberty, life, and property. Property was one of the rights because land equals wealth. Locke based his theories on natural law...

Categories and Types of Evidence and their Use in the Courtroom

Categories and Types of Evidence and their Use in the Courtroom IntroductionCriminal law is referred to as that branch of law concerned with crimes committedagainst the public authority. It is very different from civil law. An example is murder. It is veryeasy to put murder under civil law because it is a crime committed against another human beingbut the crime of murder is against the public interests. An example of civil crime is when aperson does not honor a contract.Criminal law can be substantial or procedural. Substantial criminal law is concerned withvarious crimes covered with the criminal code but procedural criminal law deals with theprosecution of the crimes mentioned under substantial criminal law. The sentencingrecommendations are also stipulated for various criminal crimes under procedural law.Prosecution under criminal codes can only be done when there is proof beyond a reasonableshadow of doubt that the person accused committed the said crime.Felonies, misdemeanors and treason are the three broad types of crimes that show incourt. English: Category:International Criminal Tribunal ...Treason is seen as a crime that threatens the security of a nation and the well being of anation and this may explain why criminals charged with treason have such stiff and severepenalties. Under criminal law, misdemeanors are minor crimes but felonies are rather seriouscrimes and they are normally associated with mandatory sentences.How judges, parties and juries give out then closely inspect the different forms of proof ata court trial is all governed by the law of evidence. In a way, evidence forms an extension ofcriminal procedure. It also forms an extension of civil law. In the Unites States, the FederalRules of Evidence (FRE) are the rules the federal courts follow. Most of the laws of evidence areencompassed in the Federal Rules of Evidence. The Federal Rules of Evidence has played amajor role in the development of evidence law and most of this is...

Energy (a global issue) essays

Energy (a global issue) essays One global issue is conserving energy. Energy is one of the primary things that people must have to go through their everyday lives. However, energy has its negative side. People should find a new source of energy since it is such a necessity in our everyday lives. One reason we should find a new source of energy, like solar energy, is because it is very expensive. Another reason is because there is not enough of it. A final reason is because energy pollutes. First, people should find a new source of energy because it is very expensive. Gas, a must in peoples lives, has become very expensive. Since it is a nonrenewable resource, the more we use it, the less there is, therefore, making it even more expensive. To solve this problem, people should find a new energy source to replace energy, such as gas. A new energy source to replace gas could be solar energy. It is free so people would not have to pay for anything. Solar energy is a good source to turn to for free energy that is almost in unlimited supply. Second, people should find a new source of energy because there is not enough of it. All energy we are currently using will run out someday because it is nonrenewable. For example, gas prices have gone up so much because there is not much left. People should try to conserve energy, while trying to find a new source of energy. If we turned to solar energy, there would be plenty for several trillions and trillions of years. There are abundant sources of it and as much of it as people want. If we turned to solar energy, there would be unlimited amounts of it. Finally, people should find a new source of energy because it pollutes the Earth. All energy we use, it is somehow used and distributed back into our air and water, polluting it. Gasoline, when used in cars, pollutes the air by going through the exhaust. The more we use gasoline, the more polluted our air gets, and since cars are people ...

Islamophobia. How Is It An Issue In The Workplace Research Paper

Islamophobia. How Is It An Issue In The Workplace - Research Paper Example Islamophobia is an up-coming proportional notion in the social sciences. However, there is no acknowledged meaning of Islamophobia; therefore, it can be relevant to any censure of Islamic activities. Conversely, Islamophobia is not a new movement; however, several Muslim communities encounter increased aggression that is portraying mistrust, deep-rooted intolerance, and ignorance. Regardless its discrimination and intolerance, Islamophobia remains and infringement of human rights and threatens social cohesion. Islamophobia, an intense or illogical fear of all Islamic people is high in the western countries as Muslims are perceived to be a solitary nation that does not identify and reverence precincts set up by western culture and administration. Also, some government representatives like Tony Blair of Britain in 2005 described Sharia laws as a malevolent philosophy, leading further to Muslims being viewed as ‘others’ and as ‘enemies’ in communities that once co-existed peacefully. This statement receded Britain’s view of being a multi racial, ethnic and religious nation. In this paper, the researcher will provide a theoretical framework of Islamophobia and how affects the workplace and its implications towards Human resource (Allen 130) The west has different moral and ethical codes compared to countries run with Islamic culture. Especially on mass media moral principles, most processes and practices are based on the advertising mechanisms and sales standards. Several media houses are deeply rooted on western ideologies and philosophies. The west civil liberties, responsibilities, liberty, and guidelines of the press slightly differ from Islamic governed countries and that is why the western media views some of their cultures, for example, towards women as oppressive and as denial of some of the basic human rights. The background information of the Islamic culture Islam is a monotheistic faith made known through Prophet Muhammad , Allah’s prophet; in fact, it is regarded a major global religious conviction. In addition, the Islamic religion is the second largest religion, growing at a high speed alongside Christianity. It is estimated that, of every five people on earth, one of them is a Muslim (Heinz 103). Most Europeans who have travelled through Muslim societies have depicted Muslim women as oppressed by their men that they are victims both sexually and as the weak sex. Likewise, the media have portrayed women as an allurement showing how they have been victimized and perplexed. On the other hand, Muslim men have been viewed by western countries as barbaric, sexists and terrorists. Therefore, Islamic beliefs and culture have become more scrutinized especially after 9/11, citing their prayers and wearing of hijabs as Islamic fundamentalism. Therefore, discrepancies have risen based on how societies have seen Muslims. This has made people afraid to have Muslims as neighbors. In addition, at the airp orts or in a plane, Muslims and people of Arabic origin are looked at suspiciously leading to stigmatization, seclusion, and even being biased towards Muslims (Williams 4). The society has perceived Muslims as evil doers. To some extent, Muslims are being persecuted for their choice of the way of life/religious beliefs. Undeniably, that is a wrong influence on how to view the Islamic culture and its followers. This is because views expressed by the Islamic extremists that do not necessarily represent the views and perception of Islam as a whole. These extreme activists, most of them being Middle Eastern Muslims have been waging war in western countries through terrorism. The Qur’an states that, during times of ignorance, people worshipped idols as a way of staying

Comptemporary issues in business pshcholgy 1 Essay

Comptemporary issues in business pshcholgy 1 - Essay Example Prior to psychoanalysis’s inception, phrenology was the popular psychology of the Victorian era (Wohl, 1996). The study of the skull formation and its resultant implications of the individual’s intelligence and place on the evolutionary scale was simple, easy, and accessible, and more often than not it was used to justify racism and other political agendas (Wohl, 1996). But at the turn of the century, psychoanalysis gained popularity under Freud, who, after observing the infamous case of Anna O., a woman who suffered from hysteria due to past experiences, pioneered the theory that all human beings are driven by unconscious urges (Boeree, 1997). The mind suddenly became much more complex than the shape of the skull and psychoanalysis called to the forefront how well a person can truly know and understand himself. Psychoanalysis and its break-off, psycho-dynamic psychology, analyse the mind as a series of unconscious layers. As a person experiences different struggles and traumas, his experiences impact his unconscious mind, which prompts him to unknowingly develop a maladapted function, or Defence Mechanism (Wikipedia, 2006). Psycho-dynamic psychology ultimately seeks to reveal the causes of an individual’s maladapted function. An example of psycho-dynamic psychology at work is in the character of Nora Helmer, of Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House (1998). Nora Helmer is a housewife that embodies all of the outward ideals of Victorian propriety while harbouring a secret that could ruin her marriage and her family. Her relationship with her husband is complex and flawed. He refers to her as his â€Å"little lark† and his â€Å"squirrel†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ small, flighty, and vulnerable animals. Torvald Helmer seems to cherish and adore his wife, but in reality sees her as a charge or a child that must be taught and guided, and Nora not only complies with this image, but

Medicare, Medicaid, and the Delivery System Case Study

Medicare, Medicaid, and the Delivery System - Case Study Example All these approaches have incentives that seem to motivate a certain trend (Guterman, Davis, Schoenbaum & Shih, w238). However, of the above three, the fee-for-service is the traditional one. The capitation approach is up-to-date and is meant to be a step up concerning creating better incentives for preventive care, efficiency, and cost control in health care. Under this payment system, a hospital, a physician, or a medical group receives a given flat fee per month for caring for a patient registered in a managed health care plan, despite the cost of the patient’s care. In the global capitation mode, whole networks of physicians and hospitals band in unison to obtain single fixed per-month payments for registered health plan individuals. The providers sign one contract with a health plan covering the care group signatories, and then they must establish a way of dividing the capitated check among the members. Flexibility in shared savings symbolizes a major feature of the proposed Medicare ACO rule. As such, even though ACOs will be reimbursed by fee-for-services, CMS are also scheduled to come up with benchmarks designed towards every individual ACO. In case the ACO exceeds its specified standard in Medicare cost savings, it definitely qualifies for shared savings. However, it will as well be held accountable for any incurred losses for failing to meet the set benchmarks. In addition, CMS has proposed creating a minimum sharing rate meant to account for normal differences in expenditure that could determine whether ACO reaches or goes beyond its benchmark (Guterman, Davis, Schoenbaum & Shih, w250). In the proposed rules, CMS has set forth two tracks for ACO reimbursement models. Here, ACOs will be asked to serve at least five thousand Medicare beneficiaries for a period of 3years. This new rule gives ACO an opportunity to follow a one-sided risk approach, where only

Leadership and decision making Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leadership and decision making - Research Paper Example based on the consultants summary regarding the candidate’s personalities. F.C. is an extravert. Extraversion shows how comfortable an individual is with the external environment (Michael 94). Extraverts enjoy being around people. They employ both informal and formal leadership styles and can be described as sociable, talkative and enthusiastic. They dominate conversations most of the times and are not good listeners (Griffin and Moorhead 580). On the other hand, introverts like A.M. and J.T. score poorly on the extraversion scale. Introverts would rather choose to work alone as opposed to working in groups. They are quite serious and maintain high levels of privacy in their affairs at work. F.C.’s extravert trait will be vital in leading the loan officer’s group. This position requires lots of team work in performing activities of accessing credit worthiness and characters of those seeking to secure loans from the bank. It is important to be sociable in order for the group leader to easily fit into the team she will be leading. This quality lacks in A.M. Even though J.T. is an extravert, F.C.’s personality is superior since she does not have a strong desire to dominate her peers. A passion to dominate others would lead to internal conflicts within the loan officers’ team leading to ineffective operations and lack of cooperation which is necessary if the team is to succeed in performing its duties. Agreeableness is a personality which determines how well a person is likely to get along with other people. This factor approximates the point at which a person tires from being defiant and submits to the pressing situation. This is mainly determined by qualities such as being cooperative, good-natured, forgiving, understanding, compassionate and trusting (Hilsenroth, Segal and Hersen 47). One needs to be able to accommodate others in order to be referred to as agreeable. From this point of view, individuals can be classified as chal lengers, negotiators or adapters. Challengers are sceptical, guarded, persistent, tough and competitive. They are viewed at times as rude, hostile and self-centred. Negotiators seek a win-win solution to problems. They therefore shift between being cooperative and being competitive. Adapters are viewed as humble, tolerant and accepting. They come across as naive, conflict-averse, submissive and at times unprincipled since they easily yield to pressing circumstances (Silverthorne 73). In order to lead the loan officers, the preferred candidate should be a negotiator. This will assist in the negotiations associated with the processing loans. Adapters are more likely to give out loan to highly risky borrowers without proper ways to mitigate the risk for the benefit of the company. Challengers are more likely to set the bar too high disqualifying potentially good borrowers and thus reducing the likelihood of the bank earning from interests accruing from such loans. F.C. has been describ ed as competitive even though she does not exhibit â€Å"a strong desire for dominance†. This shows that she is a negotiator scoring well in the perspective of agreeableness. The next personality dimension which is vital in evaluating leadership qualities in an individual is conscientiousness. This shows the extent to which a person is dependable, responsible, achievement-oriented and persistent. Conscientious leaders are good at making long-range goals and do well at organizing routes to

Hedging an Equity Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hedging an Equity Portfolio - Essay Example Cross hedging capabilities may depend on various factors. First is the degree in which the spot and futures currencies are negatively or positively correlated. Secondly, this also depends on the level of accuracy of the estimated risk-minimizing cross-hedge factors. In addition, time is an important factor in this process and therefore the capability of cross hedging depends on the stability of the optimal cross hedge proportions over a given duration or period of time. Moreover, this also depends on the potential risk reduction from portfolio cross-hedging. A hedger is any individual or institution that minimizes the variance of expected monetary returns on a currency spot position with regards to a position in the currency’s corresponding future contract. There are various reasons for hedging in a financial set up. First is for the purposes of managing volatility in cash flows. Secondly, hedging is important for the purposes of checking the market value of an organizationâ⠂¬â„¢s shares. Hedging is also used for the purposes of managing volatility in accounting earnings. In addition, the management of balance sheet accounts and ratios can also benefit from hedging. For fund managers, performance information with regards to their hedging activities should be provided without restrictions or resistance from the fund manager. This is because funds may avoid reporting because of poor results. Such funds usually have below average returns in comparison to other funds and in addition, omitting them may result in an upward bias. On the other hand, there might be other funds that have become very successful as a result of growth in areas that they may not have actually wished to attract new investments. These funds may also decide to leave the database for a very different reason. Tentatively, their performance is likely to be superior to that of the average fund. Whereas there might be difficulties in attaining accurate estimates of these two effects, it is believed that the reported returns are usually biased upwards. Secondly, hedge fund databases have a limitation of reporting data only on funds still in existence or those that are new and rapidly growing. Funds that are no longer active are usually eliminated from the database. This practice in turn leaves an upward bias to performance statistics. This is because funds that are closed are likely to be poorly performing. Another type of bias can be referred to as the instant history bias. This occurs when a fund is included on the database for the first time and is therefore permitted to backfill its historical records. This type of bias could be estimated through the calculation of the average of the returns since introduction and later comparing them to the average returns since the fund joined the database. There are different hedge fund styles that are applicable in the financial markets today. Generally, hedge funds are not strictly regulated investment components that engage the use of a wide range of

The Company Yahoo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Company Yahoo - Essay Example As the discussion stresses, the company was on the height of its success at the time of dot-com boom in 2000 when its stock price plunged to record high. Yahoo! also started its free mail service in response to the release of Google’s Gmail in 2004. In the following year, the company took over Flickr, a thriving photo sharing service. Yahoo! continued to expand by acquiring and purchasing innovative business in need of capital. The range of services offered by Yahoo! also rose in the year 2005 when the company stepped into Web 2.0 services. MSN Messenger and Yahoo! Messenger became interoperable in 2005 which was another great achievement for the company. Yahoo! also allowed its mail users unlimited free space in 2007 as it removed the barrier of 1GB storage. In 2008, in the time of recession, the company announced the layoff of 1000 employees. The company was facing difficulties in competing with the efficient Google. The main revenue model for the company was advertising ini tially. Afterwards, the company started making money from the augmented services that it offered. Efficient management of capital and reduction in expenditure helped the company to gain its profitability in the pure internet business. In 2008, the company was approached by Microsoft for the offer of a merger. However, Yahoo! rejected the offer of Microsoft as the share price being offered was very low. Recently, Yahoo! webpage is seen to be changed and a new version is launched called the Metro. This new look also has links to famous applications such as Facebook.com and Netflix. E-commerce website like Yahoo! needs to constantly innovate and develop new features on the website to attract more users and subscribers. The company right now faces lack of originality as it is engaged in merging and acquiring already established businesses like Flickr. The customer data which is private should not be used by the company to be sold to marketing agencies.

Midterm Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Midterm Exam - Essay Example The memories which these items bring to the author are the core aspects of discussion, resulting into the materials contained within this chapter. There is a significant element of harmony between Chinese and American culture portrayed in the chapter. In consideration of modern times, the chapter might be perceived as containing unacceptable elements of the society, like racism. The elements should however be understood for the viewpoint of a Chinese native residing in America. The cultural difference existing between the author’s native and adopted culture, is attributed to these perceptions. It becomes extremely difficult for the author to perceive some of the common elements within the environment as the Native American would do. This chapter presents the reader with an element for understanding the existing discrepancies between the author’s native culture and the adopted one. There is an element of attachment to the culture which is contained within the context of the chapter, and which the author is communicating to her audience. Understanding the value of culture to the author requires reading through and getting the feeling which are associated with the occurrences described within this chapter. While there might be elements in the reading which could be considered as stereotypes, it remains essential to understand that these are the perceptions of the author. The thoughts presented by these ideologies remains essential in comprehension of the inferred meanings of the writings. While many of the elements contain a simple description of the appearance of objects which the author observes, these objects cause the author to visualise of some Chinese aspects of livelihoods which she has learnt to do without (Wong, 86). This is a significant element within the chapter as it can identify the differences which the author experiences in Chinatown compared to china. While there might be many Chinese

The Company Yahoo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Company Yahoo - Essay Example As the discussion stresses, the company was on the height of its success at the time of dot-com boom in 2000 when its stock price plunged to record high. Yahoo! also started its free mail service in response to the release of Google’s Gmail in 2004. In the following year, the company took over Flickr, a thriving photo sharing service. Yahoo! continued to expand by acquiring and purchasing innovative business in need of capital. The range of services offered by Yahoo! also rose in the year 2005 when the company stepped into Web 2.0 services. MSN Messenger and Yahoo! Messenger became interoperable in 2005 which was another great achievement for the company. Yahoo! also allowed its mail users unlimited free space in 2007 as it removed the barrier of 1GB storage. In 2008, in the time of recession, the company announced the layoff of 1000 employees. The company was facing difficulties in competing with the efficient Google. The main revenue model for the company was advertising ini tially. Afterwards, the company started making money from the augmented services that it offered. Efficient management of capital and reduction in expenditure helped the company to gain its profitability in the pure internet business. In 2008, the company was approached by Microsoft for the offer of a merger. However, Yahoo! rejected the offer of Microsoft as the share price being offered was very low. Recently, Yahoo! webpage is seen to be changed and a new version is launched called the Metro. This new look also has links to famous applications such as Facebook.com and Netflix. E-commerce website like Yahoo! needs to constantly innovate and develop new features on the website to attract more users and subscribers. The company right now faces lack of originality as it is engaged in merging and acquiring already established businesses like Flickr. The customer data which is private should not be used by the company to be sold to marketing agencies.

Translation Technique by Molina and Albir Essay Example for Free

Translation Technique by Molina and Albir Essay Cet article a pour objectif de cerner la notion de technique de traduction entendue comme un des instruments d’analyse textuelle qui permet d’etudier le fonctionnement de l’equivalence par rapport a l’original. Nous rappelons tout d’abord les differentes definitions et classifications qui ont ete proposees ainsi que les confusions terminologiques, conceptuelles et de classification qui en ont decoule. Nous donnons ensuite notre definition de la technique de traduction en la differenciant de la methode et de la strategie de traduction et proposons une approche dynamique et fonctionnelle de celleci. Pour terminer, nous definissons chacune des diverses techniques de traduction existantes et en presentons une nouvelle classification. Cette proposition a ete appliquee dans le cadre d’une recherche sur la traduction des elements culturels dans les traductions en arabe de Cent ans de solitude de Garcia Marquez. ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to clarify the notion of translation technique, understood as an instrument of textual analysis that, in combination with other instruments, allows us to study how translation equivalence works in relation to the original text. First, existing definitions and classifications of translation techniques are reviewed and terminological, conceptual and classification confusions are pointed out. Secondly, translation techniques are redefined, distinguishing them from translation method and translation strategies. The definition is dynamic and functional. Finally, we present a classification of translation techniques that has been tested in a study of the translation of cultural elements in Arabic translations of A Hundred Years of Solitude by Garcia Marquez. MOTS-CLES/KEYWORDS translation technique, translation method, translation strategy, translation equivalence, functionalism 1. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AS TOOL FOR ANALYSIS: THE EXISTING CONFUSIONS The categories used to analyze translations allow us to study the way translation works. These categories are related to text, context and process. Textual categories describe mechanisms of coherence, cohesion and thematic progression. Contextual categories introduce all the extra-textual elements related to the context of source text and translation production. Process categories are designed to answer two basic questions. Which option has the translator chosen to carry out the translation project, i. e. , which method has been chosen? How has the translator solved the problems that have emerged during the translation process, i. e. , which strategies have been chosen? However, research (or teaching) requirements may make it important to consider textual micro-units as well, that is to say, how the result of the translation Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 498 11/21/02, 2:15 PM translation techniques revisited 499 functions in relation to the corresponding unit in the source text. To do this we need translation techniques. We were made aware of this need in a study of the treatment of cultural elements in Arabic translations of A Hundred Years of Solitude1. Textual and contextual categories were not sufficient to identify, classify and name the options chosen by the translators for each unit studied. We needed the category of translation techniques that allowed us to describe the actual steps taken by the translators in each textual micro-unit and obtain clear data about the general methodological option chosen. However, there is some disagreement amongst translation scholars about translation techniques. This disagreement is not only terminological but also conceptual. There is even a lack of consensus as to what name to give to call the categories, different labels are used (procedures, techniques, strategies) and sometimes they are confused with other concepts. Furthermore, different classifications have been proposed and the terms often overlap. This article presents the definition and classification of translation techniques that we used in our study of the treatment of cultural elements in Arabic translations of A Hundred Years of Solitude. We also present a critical review of earlier definitions and classifications of translation techniques. 2. THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO CLASSIFYING TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES 2. 1. Translation Technical Procedures in the Compared Stylistics. Vinay and Darbelnet’s pioneer work Stylistique comparee du francais et de l’anglais (SCFA) (1958) was the first classification of translation techniques that had a clear methodological purpose. The term they used was ‘procedes techniques de la traduction. ’ They defined seven basic procedures operating on three levels of style: lexis, distribution (morphology and syntax) and message. The procedures were classified as direct (or literal) or oblique, to coincide with their distinction between direct (or literal) and oblique translation. Literal translation occurs when there is an exact structural, lexical, even morphological equivalence between two languages. According to the authors, this is only possible when the two languages are very close to each other. The literal translation procedures are: †¢ †¢ †¢ Borrowing. A word taken directly from another language, e. g. , the English word bulldozer has been incorporated directly into other languages. Calque. A foreign word or phrase translated and incorporated into another language, e. g. , fin de semaine from the English weekend. Literal translation. Word for word translation, e. g. , The ink is on the table and L’encre est sur la table. Oblique translation occurs when word for word translation is impossible. The oblique translation procedures are: †¢ †¢ 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 Transposition. A shift of word class, i. e. , verb for noun, noun for preposition e. g. , Expediteur and From. When there is a shift between two signifiers, it is called crossed transposition, e. g. , He limped across the street and Il a traverse la rue en boitant. Modulation. A shift in point of view. Whereas transposition is a shift between grammatical categories, modulation is a shift in cognitive categories. Vinay and Darbelnet 499 11/21/02, 2:15 PM 500 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 †¢ †¢ postulate eleven types of modulation: abstract for concrete, cause for effect, means for result, a part for the whole, geographical change, etc. , e. g. , the geographical modulation between encre de Chine and Indian ink. Intravaia and Scavee (1979) studied this procedure in depth and reached the conclusion that it is qualitatively different from the others and that the others can be included within it. Equivalence. This accounts for the same situation using a completely different phrase, e. g. , the translation of proverbs or idiomatic expressions like, Comme un chien dans un jeu de quilles and Like a bull in a china shop. Adaptation. A shift in cultural environment, i. e. , to express the message using a different situation, e. g. cycling for the French, cricket for the English and baseball for the Americans. These seven basic procedures are complemented by other procedures. Except for the procedures of compensation and inversion, they are all classified as opposing pairs. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 Compensation. An item of information, or a stylistic effect from the ST that cannot be reproduced in the same place in the TT is introduced elsewhere in the TT, e. g. , the French translation of I was seeking thee, Flathead. from the Jungle Book Kipling used the archaic thee, instead of you, to express respect, but none of the equivalent French pronoun forms (tu, te, toi) have an archaic equivalent, so the translator expressed the same feeling by using the vocative, O, in another part of the sentence: En verite, c’est bien toi que je cherche, O Tete-Plate. Concentration vs. Dissolution. Concentration expresses a signified from the SL with fewer signifiers in the TL. Dissolution expresses a signified from the SL with more signifiers in the TL, e. g. , archery is a dissolution of the French tir a l’arc. Amplification vs. Economy. These procedures are similar to concentration and dissolution. Amplification occurs when the TL uses more signifiers to cover syntactic or lexical gaps. According to Vinay and Darbelnet, dissolution is a question of langue and adaptation of parole, e. g. , He talked himself out of a job and Il a perdu sa chance pour avoir trop parle. The opposite procedure is economy, e. g., We’ll price ourselves out of the market and Nous ne pourrons plus vendre si nous sommes trop exigeants. Reinforcement vs. Condensation. These are variations of amplification and economy that are characteristic of French and English, e. g. , English prepositions or conjunctions that need to be reinforced in French by a noun or a verb: To the station and Entree de la gare; Shall I phone for a cab? and Voulez-vous que je telephone pour faire venir une voiture? Mallblanc (1968) changed Vinay and Darbelnet’s reinforcement for over-characterization, because he found it was more appropriate for the traits of French and German. He pointed out that German prepositions, such as, in can be translated into French as dans le creux de, dans le fond de, or, dans le sein de. Explicitation vs. Implicitation. Explicitation is to introduce information from the ST that is implicit from the context or the situation, e. g. , to make explicit the patient’s sex when translating his patient into French. Implicitation is to allow the situation to indicate information that is explicit in the ST, e. g. , the meaning of sortez as go out or come out depends on the situation. Generalization vs. Particularization. Generalization is to translate a term for a more general one, whereas, particularization is the opposite, e. g. , the English translation of guichet, fenetre or devanture by window is a generalization. Inversion. This is to move a word or a phrase to another place in a sentence or a paragraph so that it reads naturally in the target language, e. g. , Pack separately †¦ for convenient inspection and Pour faciliter la visite de la douane mettre a part †¦. 500 11/21/02, 2:15 PM translation techniques revisited 501 Table 1 Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation procedures Borrowing Bulldozer (E) ? Bulldozer (F) Calque Fin de semaine (F) ? Week-end (E) Literal translation L’encre est sur la table (F) ? The ink is on the table (E) Transposition Defense de fumer (F) ? No smoking (E) Crossed transposition He limped across the street (E) ? Il a traverse la rue en boitant (F) Modulation Encre de Chien (F) ? Indian Ink (E) Equivalence Comme un chien dans un jeu de quilles (F) ? Like a bull in a china shop (E) Adaptation Cyclisme (F) ? Cricket (E) ? Baseball (U. S) Compensation I was seeking thee, Flathead (E) ? En verite, c’est bien toi que je cherche, O Tete-Plate (F) Dissolution Tir a l’arc (F) ? Archery (E) Concentration Archery (E) ? Tir a l’arc (F) Amplification He talked himself out of a job (E) ? Il a perdu sa chance pour avoir trop parle (F) Economy Nous ne pourrons plus vendre si nous sommes trop exigeants (F) ? We’ll price ourselves out of the market (E) Reinforcement Shall I phone for a cab? (E) ? Voulez-vous que je telephone pour faire venir une voiture? (F) Condensation Entree de la garde (F) ? To the station (E) Explicitation His patient (E) ? Son patient / Son patiente (F) Implicitation Go out/ Come out (E) ? Sortez (F) Generalization Guichet, fenetre, devanture (F) ? Window (E) Particularization Window (E) ? Guichet, fenetre, devanture (F) Articularization. In all this immense variety of conditions,†¦ (E) ? Et cependant, malgre la diversite des conditions,†¦ (F) Juxtaposition Et cependant, malgre la diversite des conditions,†¦ (F) ? In all this immense variety of conditions,†¦ (E) Grammaticalization A man in a blue suit (E) ? Un homme vetu de blue (F) Lexicalization Un homme vetu de blue (F) ? A man in a blue suit (E) Inversion Pack separately [†¦] for convenient inspection (E) ? Pour faciliter la visite de la douane mettre a part [†¦] (F) 2. 2. The Bible translators From their study of biblical translation, Nida, Taber and Margot concentrate on questions related to cultural transfer. They propose several categories to be used 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 501 11/21/02, 2:15 PM 502 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 when no equivalence exists in the target language: adjustment techniques, essential distinction, explicative paraphrasing, redundancy and naturalization. 2. 2. 1. Techniques of adjustment Nida (1964) proposes three types: additions, subtractions and alterations. They are used: 1) to adjust the form of the message to the characteristics of the structure of the target language; 2) to produce semantically equivalent structures; 3) to generate appropriate stylistic equivalences; 4) to produce an equivalent communicative effect. †¢ †¢ †¢ Additions. Several of the SCFA procedures are included in this category. Nida lists different circumstances that might oblige a translator to make an addition: to clarify an elliptic expression, to avoid ambiguity in the target language, to change a grammatical category (this corresponds to SCFA’s transposition), to amplify implicit elements (this corresponds to SCFA’s explicitation), to add connectors (this corresponds to SCFA’s articulation required by characteristics of the TL, etc. ). Examples are as follows. When translating from St Paul’s Epistles, it is appropriate to add the verb write in several places, even though it is not in the source text; a literal translation of they tell him of her (Mark I:30) into Mazatec would have to be amplified to the people there told Jesus about the woman, otherwise, as this language makes no distinctions of number and gender of pronominal affixes it could have thirty-six different interpretations; He went up to Jerusalem. There he taught the people some languages require the equivalent of He went up to Jerusalem. Having arrived there, he taught the people. Subtractions. Nida lists four situations where the translator should use this procedure, in addition to when it is required by the TL: unnecessary repetition, specified references, conjunctions and adverbs. For example, the name of God appears thirty-two times in the thirty-one verses of Genesis. Nida suggests using pronouns or omitting God. Alterations. These changes have to be made because of incompatibilities between the two languages. There are three main types. 1) Changes due to problems caused by transliteration when a new word is introduced from the source language, e. g., the transliteration of Messiah in the Loma language, means death’s hand, so it was altered to Mezaya. 2) Changes due to structural differences between the two languages, e. g. , changes in word order, grammatical categories, etc. (similar to SCFA’s transposition). 3) Changes due to semantic misfits, especially with idiomatic expressions. One of the suggestions to solve this kind of problem is the use of a descriptive equivalent i. e. , a satisfactory equivalent for objects, events or attributes that do not have a standard term in the TL. It is used for objects that are unknown in the target culture (e. g., in Maya the house where the law was read for Synagogue) and for actions that do not have a lexical equivalent (e. g. , in Maya desire what another man has for covetousness, etc. ) Nida includes footnotes as another adjustment technique and points out that they have two main functions: 1) To correct linguistic and cultural differences, e. g. , to explain contradictory customs, to identify unknown geographical or physical items, to give equivalents for weights and measures, to explain word play, to add information about proper names, etc. ; 2) To add additional information about the historical and cultural context of the text in question. 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 502 11/21/02, 2:15 PM translation techniques revisited 503 2. 2. 2. The essential differences Margot (1979) presents three criteria used to justify cultural adaptation. He refers to them as the essential differences. 1) 2) 3) Items that are unknown by the target culture. He suggests adding a classifier next to the word (as Nida does), e. g. , the city of Jerusalem or, by using a cultural equivalent (similar to the SCFA procedure of adaptation), e. g. , in Jesus’ parable (Matthew 7:16) to change grapes / thorn bushes and figs / thistles for other plants that are more common in the target culture. However, he warns the reader that this procedure is not always possible. Taber y Nida (1974) list five factors that have to be taken into account when it is used: a) the symbolic and theological importance of the item in question, b) its fequency of use in the Bible, c) its semantic relationship with other words, d) similarities of function and form between the two items, e) the reader’s emotional response. The historical framework. Here Margot proposes a linguistic rather than a cultural translation, on the grounds that historical events cannot be modified. Adaptation to the specific situation of the target audience. Margot maintains that the translator’s task is to translate and that it is up to preachers, commentarists and Bible study groups to adapt the biblical text to the specific situation of the target audience. He includes footnotes as an aid to cultural adaptation. 2. 2. 3. The explicative paraphrase Nida, Taber and Margot coincide in distinguishing between legitimate and illegitimate paraphrasing. The legitimate paraphrase is a lexical change that makes the TT longer than the ST but does not change the meaning (similar to the SCFA amplification / dissolution. The illegitimate paraphrase makes ST items explicit in the TT. Nida, Taber and Margot agree this is not the translator’s job as it may introduce subjectivity. 2. 2. 4. The concept of redundancy According to Margot (1979), redundancy tries to achieve symmetry between ST readers and TT readers. This is done either by adding information (grammatical, syntactic and stylistic elements, etc. ) when differences between the two languages and cultures make a similar reception impossible for the TT readers, or by suppressing information when ST elements are redundant for the TT readers, e. g. , the Hebrew expression, answering, said that is redundant in some other languages. This procedure is very close to SCFA’s implicitation / explicitation. 2. 2. 5. The concept of naturalization This concept was introduced by Nida (1964) after using the term natural to define dynamic equivalence (the closest natural equivalent to the source language message). Nida claims that naturalization can be achieved by taking into account: 1) the source language and culture understood as a whole; 2) the cultural context of the message; 3) the target audience. This procedure is very close to SCFA’s adaptation. 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 503 11/21/02, 2:15 PM 504 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 Table 2. The Bible translators’ proposals Classifier The city of Jerusalem Alteration Messiah (E) ? Mezaya (Loma) Cultural equivalent grapes / thorn bushes and figs / thistles ? other plants that are more common in the target culture Equivalent description Synagogue ? The house where the law was read (Maya) Footnotes 2. 3. Vazquez Ayora’s technical procedures Vazquez Ayora (1977) uses the term operative technical procedures, although he sometimes refers to them as the translation method. He combines the SCFA prescriptive approach with the Bible translators, descriptive approach and introduces some new procedures: †¢ †¢ Omission. This is to omit redundancy and repetition that is characteristic of the SL, e. g. , to translate The committee has failed to act by La comision no actuo, omitting the verb to fail and avoiding over-translation: La comision dejo de actuar. Desplacement and Inversion. Displacement corresponds to SCFA’s inversion, where two elements change position, e. g. , The phone rang and Sono el telefono. Table 3 Vazquez Ayora’s contribution Omission The committee has failed to act (E) ? La comision no actuo (Sp) Inversion The phone rang (E) ? Sono el telefono (Sp) 2. 4. Delisle’s contribution. Delisle (1993) introduces some variations to the SCFA procedures and maintains the term procedure for Vinay and Darbelnet’s proposals. However, for some other categories of his own, he introduces a different terminology, e. g. , translation strategies, translation errors, operations in the cognitive process of translating†¦ He lists several of these categories as contrasting pairs. In his review of Vinay and Darbelnet, he proposes simplifying the SCFA dichotomies of reinforcement/condensation and amplification/economy and he reduces them to a single pair, reinforcement/economy. Reinforcement is to use more words in the TT than the ST to express the same idea. He distinguishes three types of reinforcement: 1) dissolution; 2) explicitation (these two correspond to their SCFA homonyms); and 3) periphrasis (this corresponds to SCFA’s amplification). Economy is to use fewer words in the TT than the ST to express the same idea. He distinguishes three types of economy: 1) concentration; 2) implicitation (these two correspond to their SCFA homonyms and are in contrast to dissolution and explicitation); and concision (this corresponds to SCFA’s economy and is in contrast to periphrasis). 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 504. 11/21/02, 2:15 PM translation techniques revisited 505 The other categories Delisle introduces are: †¢ †¢ †¢ Addition vs. Omission. He defines them as unjustified periphrasis and concision and considers them to be translation errors. Addition is to introduce unjustified stylistic elements and information that are not in the ST, omission is the unjustifiable suppression of elements in the ST. Paraphrase. This is defined as excessive use of paraphrase that complicates the TT without stylistic or rhetorical justification. It is also classified as a translation error. Delisle’s paraphrase and addition coincide with Margot’s illegitimate paraphrase. Discursive creation. This is an operation in the cognitive process of translating by which a non-lexical equivalence is established that only works in context, e. g. , In the world of literature, ideas become cross-fertilized, the experience of others can be usefully employed to mutual benefit is translated into French as, Dans le domaine des lettres, le choc des idees se revele fecond; il devient possible de profiter de l’experience d’autrui. This concept is close to Nida’s alterations caused by semantic incompatibilities and transliteration. Table 4 Delisle’s contributions Dissolution Reinforcement Explicitation Periphrasis (+) Addition (–) Paraphrase (–) Concentration Economy Implicitation Concession (+) Discursive creation Omission (–) Ideas become cross-fertilized (E) ? Le choc des idees se revele fecond (F) 2. 5. Newmark’s procedures Newmark (1988) also uses the term procedures to classify the proposals made by the comparative linguists and by the Bible translators, as well as some of his own. These are: †¢ †¢ †¢ 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 Recognized translation. This is the the translation of a term that is already official or widely accepted, even though it may not be the most adequate, e. g., Gay-Lussac’s Volumengesetz der Gase and Law of combining volumes. Functional equivalent. This is to use a culturally neutral word and to add a specifying term, e. g. , baccalaureat = French secondary school leaving exam; Sejm = Polish parliament. It is very similar to Margot’s cultural equivalent, and in the SCFA terminology it would be an adaptation (secondary school leaving exam / parliament) with an explicitation (French/ Polish). Naturalization. Newmark’s definition is not the same as Nida’s. For Nida, it comes from transfer (SCFA’s borrowing) and consists of adapting a SL word to the phonetic and morphological norms of the TL, e.g. , the German word Performanz and the English performance. 505 11/21/02, 2:15 PM 506 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002. Translation label. This is a provisional translation, usually of a new term, and a literal translation could be acceptable, e. g. , Erbschaftssprache or langue d’heritage from the English heritage language. Newmark includes the option of solving a problem by combining two or more procedures (he called these solutions doubles, triples or quadruples). Newmark also adds synonymy as another category. Table 5 Newmark’s procedures Recognized translation Volumengesetz der Gase (G) ? Law of combining volumes (E). Functional equivalent Baccalaureat (F) ? Baccalaureat, secondary school leaving exam (E) Naturalization Performance (E) ? Performanz (G) Translation label Heritage language (E) ? Langue d’heritage (F) 3. CRITICAL REVIEW OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES As we have seen, there is no general agreement about this instrument of analysis and there is confusion about terminology, concepts and classification. The most serious confusions are the following. 3. 1. Terminological confusion and over-lapping terms Terminological diversity and the overlapping of terms make it difficult to use these terms and to be understood. The same concept is expressed with different names and the classifications vary, covering different areas of problems. In one classification one term may over-lap another in a different system of classification. The category itself is given different names, for example, Delisle uses procedure, translation strategy, etc. 3. 2. The confusion between translation process and translation result This confusion was established by Vinay y Darbelnet’s pioneer proposal, when they presented the procedures as a description of the ways open to the translator in the translation process. Nevertheless, the procedures, as they are presented in the SCFA do not refer to the process followed by the translator, but to the final result. The confusion has persisted and translation techniques have been confused with other translation categories: method and strategies. In some of the proposals there is a conceptual confusion between techniques and translation method. Vinay y Darbelnet introduced the confusion by dividing the procedures following the traditional methodological dichotomy between literal and free translation. As they worked with isolated units they did not distinguish between categories that affect the whole text and categories that refer to small units. Furthermore, the subtitle of their book, Methode de traduction, caused even more confusion. In our opinion (see 4. 1. ), a distinction should bemade between translation method, that is part of the process, a global choice that affects the whole translation, and translation techniques that describe the result and affect smaller sections of the translation. 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 506 11/21/02, 2:15 PM translation techniques revisited 507 The SCFA use of the term procedures created confusion wirh another category related to the process: translation strategies. Procedures are related to the distinction between declarative knowledge (what you know) and procedural or operative knowledge (know-how) (Anderson 1983). Procedures are an important part of procedural knowledge, they are related to knowing how to do something, the ability to organise actions to reach a specific goal (Pozo, Gonzalo and Postigo 1993). Procedures include the use of simple techniques and skills, as well as expert use of strategies (Pozo y Postigo 1993). Strategies are an essential element in problem solving. Therefore, in relation to solving translation problems, we think a distinction should be made between techniques and strategies. Techniques describe the result obtained and can be used to classify different types of translation solutions. Strategies are related to the mechanisms used by translators throughout the the whole translation process to find a solution to the problems they find. The technical procedures (the name itself is ambiguous) affect the results and not the process, so they should be distinguished from strategies. We propose they should be called translation techniques. 3. 3. The confusion between issues related to language pairs and text pairs Vinay y Darbelnet’s original proposal also led to a confusion between language problems and text problems. Their work was based on comparative linguistics and all the examples used to illustrate their procedures were decontextualized. In addition, because they gave a single translation for each linguistic item, the result was pairs of fixed equivalences. This led to a confusion between comparative linguistic phenomena (and the categories needed to analyse their similarities and differences) and phenomena related to translating texts (that need other categories). The use of translation techniques following the SCFA approach is limited to the classification of differences between language systems, not the textual solutions needed for translation. For example, SCFA’s borrowing, transposition and inversion, or, Vazquez Ayora’s omission, should not be considered as translation techniques. They are not a textual option open to the translator, but an obligation imposed by the characteristics of the language pair. 4. A DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES Our proposal is based on two premises: 1) the need to distinguish between method, strategy and technique; 2) the need for an dynamic and functional concept of translation techniques. 4. 1. The need to distinguish between method, strategy and technique We think that translation method, strategies and techniques are essentially different categories. (Hurtado 1996). 4. 1. 1. Translation method and translation techniques. Translation method refers to the way a particular translation process is carried out in terms of the translator’s objective, i. e. , a global option that affects the whole text. There are several translation methods that may be chosen, depending on the aim of 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 507 11/21/02, 2:15 PM 508 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 the translation: interpretative-communicative (translation of the sense), literal (linguistic transcodification), free (modification of semiotic and communicative categories) and philological (academic or critical translation) (see Hurtado Albir 1999: 32). Each solution the translator chooses when translating a text responds to the global option that affects the whole text (the translation method) and depends on the aim of the translation. The translation method affects the way micro-units of the text are translated: the translation techniques. Thus, we should distinguish between the method chosen by the translator, e. g. , literal or adaptation, that affects the whole text, and the translation techniques, e. g. , literal translation or adaptation, that affect microunits of the text. Logically, method and functions should function harmoniously in the text. For example, if the aim of a translation method is to produce a foreignising version, then borrowing will be one of the most frequently used translation techniques. (Cf. This has been shown in Molina (1998), where she analyses the three translations into Arabic of Garcia Marquez’s A Hundred Years of Solitude. Each translation had adopted a different translation method, and the techniques were studied in relation to the method chosen). 4. 1. 2. Translation strategy and translation techniques Whatever method is chosen, the translator may encounter problems in the translation process, either because of a particularly difficult unit, or because there may be a gap in the translator’s knowledge or skills. This is when translation strategies are activated. Strategies are the procedures (conscious or unconscious, verbal or nonverbal) used by the translator to solve problems that emerge when carrying out the translation process with a particular objective in mind (Hurtado Albir 1996, 1999). Translators use strategies for comprehension (e. g. , distinguish main and secondary ideas, establish conceptual relationships, search for information) and for reformulation (e. g. , paraphrase, retranslate, say out loud, avoid words that are close to the original). Because strategies play an essential role in problem solving, they are a central part of the subcompetencies that make up translation competence. Strategies open the way to finding a suitable solution for a translation unit. The solution will be materialized by using a particular techniqu.

Malunggay Bark Extract As A Source Of Electricity

Malunggay Bark Extract As A Source Of Electricity The 21st century trend is an era in which technologies become part of human lives. In this age, efforts and time are exhausted by many individuals or groups in order to create technologies that can be utilized in any human endeavour. Conversely, for most of these innovations and inventions to function, electricity is required. In the Philippines, a country that is abreast with technologies, majority of the electricity requirement is derived from electric power plants that are run by fossil fuels such as petroleum and coal. Moreover, batteries which are portable source of the said energy are also in use. However, due to rapid increase in technologies that require electricity, some problems arise. At present, since there is a huge demand for electricity, fuel required to generate such energy becomes scarce. People have realized that most of processes and materials for electricity generation have negative effect on the environment and on health of human. Hence, researches are conducted to discover green (clean, natural, derive from biological source), low cost, and readily available alternative source of electricity. In line with this view, Filipinos actively participate to achieve this purpose by introducing malunggay (Moringa oleifera) as an important source of not only nutrition and medicine but of electricity as well. Malunggay is a tree that preferably grows in countries with tropical climate such as the Philippines. This tree can be easily propagated since malunggay can be grown from seeds or mature stem cuttings. In the country, this tree is commonly found in household backyard, aligned with perimeter fences, since the edible and nutritious flowers, fruits, and leaves of malunggay are part of the diet of Filipinos. Aside from the nutritional value of some parts of malunggay, all parts of this tree are used in herbal medicine to cure some diseases. Given that this tree can serve several purposes, malunggay becomes in demand. In light of the discussion of the environmental problems and characteristics of malunggay, a group of researchers conducted a study entitled MOB Electricity: Malunggay Bark Extract as Alternative Source of Electricity, to show that malunggay (Moringa oleifera) bark extract is a viable alternative source of electricity; consequently, providing an environment friendly, inexpensive and accessible source of electricity. At this point in time, since there is a strong desire to improve way of living, great attention is given to technologies. Due to this interest, innovations and inventions which require electricity are continuously developed. Thus, electricity must be continuously generated. On the contrary, most of the processes and materials for electricity generation pose hazards to the environment and human health. Therefore, a clean, low cost, and readily available source of electricity is needed, a reason that motivated the researchers to engage in this investigatory project. B. Statement of the Problem This study entitled MOB Electricity: Malunggay Bark Extract as Alternative Source of Electricity intends to investigate the feasibility of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) bark extract as an alternative source of electricity. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions: 1. Is there a significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from liquid form of malunggay bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction? 2. Is there a significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from jelly form of malunggay bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction? 3. Is there a significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from liquid and jelly form of malunggay bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction? 4. Is there a significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from varying amounts of malunggay bark extract? C. Hypotheses 1. Ho: There is no significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from liquid form of malunggay bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction. Ha: There is a significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from liquid form of malunggay bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction. 2. Ho: There is no significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from jelly form of malunggay bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction. Ha: There is a significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from jelly form of malunggay bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction. 3. Ho: There is no significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from liquid and jelly form of malunggay bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction. Ha: There is a significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from liquid and jelly form of malunggay bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction. 4. Ho: There is no significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from varying amounts of malunggay bark extract. Ha: There is a significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from varying amounts of malunggay bark extract. D. Significance of the Study This study will provide the energy sector in the country a green alternative source of electricity which will reduce the use of materials that have hazardous effects to human and environment. Hence, minimizing occurrences of diseases and slowing the rate of environment degradation. Furthermore, the positive result of this study could also assure people with inexpensive and accessible source of electricity. Moreover, this study introduces a new application of malunggay, thus, further increasing the demand for this tree. In this effect, farmers in the country could have extra income by providing the needed supply of malunggay. E. Scopes and Limitations The focal point of this study is the feasibility of malunggay (Moringa oleifera) as an alternative source of electricity. In order to assess the said feasibility, malunggay bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction was utilized. Subsequently, voltage was measured for different set-ups and treatments. However, the researchers were unable to determine the component of the extract responsible for electricity generation since the material was not subjected to chemical analysis. This restriction might be an additional recommendation for future researches. The researchers conducted this study from January 9, 2012 to August 23, 2012. All experiments and observations were done at JICA laboratory of Sapang Palay National High School. F. Operational Definition of Terms Gelatin Powder used to create a firm form of extract. Carbon Rod -served as the positive electrode (anode) of the external circuit connected to malunggay bark exract. Zinc Plate served as the negative electrode (cathode) of the external circuit connected to malunggay bark extract. Multi-tester used to measure the amount of voltage from malunggay bark extract. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE I. Introduction In the onset of the 21st century, negative effects of environmental issues such as pollution, ozone depletion, and global warming become notable. Thus, these problems gained the attention of people around the world. Among these negative effects are development and widespread of diseases, development of skin cancer, increase in temperature, heavy rains, heavy floods, strong typhoons, and climate change. In response, organizations are created, and conventions and researches are conducted to deal with these issues. Today, as data are continuously gathered;various human activities that involve emission of gases, chemicals, and radiations are considered as one of the large contributor to environmental degradation. Such human activities include generation of electricity. However, since electricity is vital in operating technologies which advances human lives, search for clean alternative source of electricity should be conducted to prevent further degradation of the environment. II. Electricity Generation Electricity is the form of energy that has the highest demand at this point in time. This energy form is required to operate technologies that people created for life advancement. Thus, energy industries are in continuous search to supply the needed demand of electricity. Today, there are different sources from which this energy is derived. These sources include fossil fuels (petroleum and coal), nuclear energy, hydropower, solar energy, and wind energy. These sources are used to drive turbines in electric power plants which will generate electricity. Electricity generated from these sources is the one supplied in wall sockets of houses and buildings. Another source of electricity is battery, a source that is in portable form. (Bose, 2010) In the Philippines, a country that is abreast with technologies, majority of the required electricity is derived from electric power plants that are run by fossil fuels such as petroleum and coal. Moreover, batteries which are portable source of the said energy are also in use. However, emissions from such electric power plants are composed of gases which cause air pollution and contribute to global warming. Likewise, batteries have chemical components that can leak and pollute land, water and air. In addition to these negative effects to the environment, human can also acquire diseases due to said contamination. (Petrina, 2007) III. Green Electricity People are now aware of the harmful effects of conventional electricity generation to human health and environment. Consequently, efforts and time are spent in order to discover alternative green clean, natural, biological sources of electricity, an action that would minimize presence of harmful chemicals and gases in the environment. In connection to this notion, researchers have considered different plants, different parts of plants, and organisms as potential source of green electricity. (U.S Environmental Protection Agency, 2012) Basic example of green energy is electricity from fruits and vegetables. Many people, during childhood, have done classroom experiments to derive electricity from lemon and potato. Results of these experiments proved that these materials can generate electricity because juices of fruits and vegetables act as electrolytes which initiate reaction to free and move electrons. (Renico, 2012) On the other hand, another related research was conducted by scientists of Stanford University which harness electricity from algae. The concept behind this project is the process of photosynthesis involved in food production of plants. According to the scientists, in this process, electrons from water are given with high energy by sunlight. These electrons are the one the scientists captured using electrodes. (Stanford University, 2010) Lastly, researchers of Arizona State University study the possibility for bacteria to generate electricity through the use of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) which contains waste water and bacteria dwelling on the material. In this research, the persons involve relate electricity generation to metabolic activity of bacteria. (Arizona State University, 2008) IV. Malunggay Tree Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) tree, which commonly grows in tropical countries such as Philippines, is characterized by long, straight, white trunks; small, green, compound leaves; and seasonal white flowers that yields long pods. This tree propagates easily and does not require much attention. In fact, malunggay seeds or matured stem cuttings can be planted in any kind of soil and does not require regular maintenance. (Asia Green Group, 2012) In the Philippines, malunggay can be found in most household backyards because edible parts of this tree (flowers, pods, and leaves) are part of Filipino cooking. Moreover, these parts of malunggay tree provide people with vitamins and minerals needed by the body. Aside from providing nourishment, this tree also has medicinal value. Based on numerous studies, malunggay contains chemicals that have antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. (Fahey, 2005) CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Gathering of Materials/Equipments Among the materials gathered by the researchers were malunggay (Moringa olifera) bark, gelatin powder, ethyl alcohol, filter paper, gloves, face mask, and old batteries. Equipment as well was borrowed from the school laboratory. These equipments include beakers, reagent bottles, funnel, stirring rod, thermometer, mortar and pestle, alcohol lamp, triple beam balance, strainer, tripod, and wire gauze. Collection of Zinc Plate and Carbon Rod Researchers collected old batteries. Subsequently, these batteries were uncovered and electrolyte inside was removed. Since electrolyte component of battery is composed of slightly toxic chemicals, researcher wore gloves and face mask. In this manner, zinc plates and carbon rods were obtained. Preparation of Malunggay Bark Extract A. Crude Extraction Malunggay barks were collected and cut into small pieces by the researchers. Afterwards, the barks were placed in a blender. Finally, in order to obtain pure extract, minced barks were placed in soft cloth and squeezed. B. Ethanol Extraction Malunggay barks were collected and cut into small pieces. Then, barks were placed in a blender to mince the material. Next, minced barks were oven-dried for 5 minutes and were pulverized with mortar and pestle. After this process, 100 grams of pulverized bark was placed in a reagent bottle in which 250 ml of ethyl alcohol was poured afterwards. Lastly, extract which was rested for 10 hours for purification purpose was filtered through a funnel with filter paper. Varying the Amount of Bark Extract Amount of bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction was varied for each treatment. 5 ml of extract was allotted to Treatment I, 10 ml for Treatment II, and 15 ml for Treatment III. Preparation of Jelly Form of Malunggay Bark Extract In a beaker, constant volume (5 ml) of water was poured and heated to 70oC. When water reaches the specified temperature, constant amount (10 g) of gelatin powder was added into the water. Then, the solution was continuously stirred. Before the solution solidifies, the assigned amount of extract per treatment was poured without stopping the stirring process. Material was immediately removed from heat. Measuring Voltage Zinc plate and carbon rod were installed to each treatment. From these electrodes, multitester was connected to measure voltage. Measurement was done for five times. Subsequently, voltage measured from each treatment was recorded. METHODOLOGICAL FLOWCHART Gathering of Materials/Equipments Collection of Zinc Plate and Carbon Rod Preparation of Malunggay Bark Extract Set-up 1 Liquid Form of Extract Set-up 2 Jelly Form of Extract Crude Extraction Ethanol Extraction Crude Extraction Ethanol Extraction Treatment I: 5 ml Extract Treatment II: 10 ml Extract Treatment III: 15 ml Extract Treatment I: 5 ml Extract 5 ml Water 10 g Gelatin Powder Treatment II: 10 ml Extract 5 ml Water 10 g Gelatin Powder Treatment III: 15 ml Extract 5 ml Water 10 g Gelatin Powder Measuring Voltage per Treatment Data Gathering Tabulation and Statistical Analysis of Results CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The researchers conducted several experiments. Subsequently, data and results obtained from these experiments were recorded in tabulated from in this chapter. After each table of data, interpretations of these results were discussed. In the aid of these interpretations, the researchers could have initial assessment of the hypotheses presented in this paper. Table 1.0 Set-up 1 Crude vs. Ethanol Method of Extraction (Liquid Form of Extract) Treatment Amount of Extract Trial Crude Extraction Ethanol Extraction Voltage (V) Voltage (V) Liquid Form of Extract I 5 ml 1 1.0 1.2 2 1.6 1.8 3 1.6 1.8 4 1.6 1.2 5 1.6 1.2 II 10 ml 1 2.6 1.2 2 2.7 1.1 3 2.7 1.0 4 2.6 1.0 5 2.7 1.0 III 15 ml 1 2.7 1.0 2 2.7 1.0 3 2.7 1.0 4 2.7 1.0 5 2.7 1.0 Table 1.0 shows that liquid form of crude bark extract generated higher and more uniform amount of voltage than liquid form of ethanol bark extract. In addition, for crude bark extract, amount of voltage increases as amount of extract increases. Table 2.0 Set-up 2 Crude vs. Ethanol Method of Extraction (Jelly Form of Extract) Treatment Amount of Gelatin Powder (g) Volume of Water (ml) Volume of Extract (ml) Trial Crude Extraction Ethanol Extraction Voltage (V) Voltage (V) Jelly Form of Extract I 10 5 5 1 2.0 1.0 2 2.0 1.0 3 2.0 1.2 4 2.0 1.2 5 2.0 1.2 II 10 5 10 1 1.8 1.4 2 1.8 1.2 3 1.8 1.4 4 1.5 1.2 5 1.2 1.2 III 10 5 15 1 2.5 1.8 2 2.5 1.8 3 2.4 1.8 4 2.4 1.8 5 2.5 1.8 Table 2.0 shows that jelly form of extract from crude extraction yielded higher amount of voltage than jelly form of extract from ethanol extraction. However, more uniform voltage reading is obtained from jelly ethanol bark extract than jelly crude bark extract; as the amount of extract increases, amount of voltage reading increases. Table 3.0 Liquid vs. Jelly Form of Extract (Crude Method of Extraction) Treatment Amount of Extract Trial Liquid form of Extract Jelly Form of Extract Voltage (V) Voltage (V) Crude Method of Extraction I 5 ml 1 1.0 2.0 2 1.6 2.0 3 1.6 2.0 4 1.6 2.0 5 1.6 2.0 II 10 ml 1 2.6 1.8 2 2.7 1.8 3 2.7 1.8 4 2.6 1.5 5 2.7 1.2 III 15 ml 1 2.7 2.5 2 2.7 2.5 3 2.7 2.4 4 2.7 2.4 5 2.7 2.5 Table 3.0 shows that both form of crude bark extract generated relatively high amount of voltage. Even so, jelly crude bark extract yielded fluctuating amount of voltage as the amount of extract increases. Table 3.1 Liquid vs. Jelly Form of Extract (Ethanol Method of Extraction) Treatment Amount of Extract Trial Liquid form of Extract Jelly Form of Extract Voltage (V) Voltage (V) Ethanol Method of Extraction I 5 ml 1 1.2 1.0 2 1.8 1.0 3 1.8 1.2 4 1.2 1.2 5 1.2 1.2 II 10 ml 1 1.2 1.4 2 1.1 1.2 3 1.0 1.4 4 1.0 1.2 5 1.0 1.2 III 15 ml 1 1.0 1.8 2 1.0 1.8 3 1.0 1.8 4 1.0 1.8 5 1.0 1.8 Table 3.1 shows that as amount of liquid ethanol bark extract increases, amount of measured voltage decreases. For jelly form of bark extract from ethanol extraction, voltage reading increases, as the amount of said extract increases. CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary: This study entitled MOB Electricity: Malunggay Bark Extract as Alternative Source of Electricity aspires to prove if malunggay bark extract could be a possible source of electricity and to ascertain if there would be a significant difference when the method of extraction, form of extract, and amount of extract are varied. In order to test the feasibility of malunggay bark extract as alternative source of electricity, the researchers prepared two different set-ups and under each set-up there are three treatments. For the second set-up, amount of gelatin powder and amount of water used in each treatment were controlled. Then, voltage was measured in each treatment per set-up for five times using a multi-tester. The results obtained from different set-ups were analyzed using Two-Factor ANOVA with Replication. The results are summarized as follows: On the first set-up, statistical analysis showed that there is significant difference in the amount of voltage measured from liquid form of malunggay bark extract when method of extraction and amount of extract were varied. On the second set-up, statistical analysis showed that there is significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from jelly form of malunggay bark extract when obtained through different extraction method. Furthermore, statistically significant difference also exists on the amount of voltage reading when the amount of said form of extract was varied. Statistical analysis of Tables 3.0 and 3.1 indicate that there is significant difference on the amount of voltage measured when the form of extract and amount of extract were varied. Conclusion: Based on the results of statistical analysis and observations, the researchers conclude that malungggay bark extract could be a viable alternative source of electricity. Moreover, the people behind this study were able to discover that the 15 ml liquid form of extract obtained through crude extraction yielded the highest and most stable amount of voltage among all the treatments done. Recommendations: In this study the researchers encountered some hindrances which limited the scope of the investigation. Hence, only test for the feasibility of malunggay bark extract as an alternative source of electricity was conducted. Nonetheless, the study does not end with this objective. There are other factors related to electricity generation in malunggay bark extract that should be considered. Researchers would like to propose the following to other people who consider pursuing this project: Further increase volume of extract in order to obtain higher voltage reading. Convert the extract in a form that will facilitate easier and more stable voltage measurement. Subject the extract to chemical analysis to determine the component responsible for electricity generation. Develop a way to harness electricity from the extract.