Term paper free essay sample

We have gathered data by survey to understand individuals perception about rights and laws. We will write a custom essay sample on Term paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. 5 Limitation of the Study It is quite impossible for us to prepare a report without limitations. Lacking of information and time limitation are main limitation of the report. Further, it was difficult for us to create proper communication with urban people in Bangladesh. 1. Methodology of the Study The study is based on creating legal awareness through ICT in urban Bangladesh. To collect information we have visited different types of NGOs like Asha, Ain o Salish Kendro ,MohilaSomiti and some other organizations, and we also studied different of ICT and children development, the peoples republic of Bangladesh for collecting information. 1. 7 Ethical Issues The ethical guidelines in completing this report include transparency and honesty in carrying out the study, timely data collection and compilation to finish the work within the deadline. In conducting the work, we have to study about rights and laws. Appropriate references have been included for materials obtained from secondary sources. Chapter 2 Introduction Legal Rights of People 2. 1 The so-called digital divide is actually several gaps in one. There is a technological divide†great gaps in infrastructure. There is a content divide. A lot of web-based information is simply not relevant to the real needs of people. And nearly 70 per cent of the worlds websites are in English, at times crowding out local voices and views. There is a gender divide, with women and girls enjoying less access to information technology than men and boys. This can be true of rich and poor countries alike. United Nations Secretary-General, Kofi Annan Statement to the World Summit on the Information Society, Geneva, 10 December 2003 The conventional societies have transformed into information societies with the rise of impact of Information and communication technologies (ICTs). ICTs have ensured the mass access to the stream of information and knowledge, which has improved the situation and decreased the socio-economic and practical barriers for the masses to get information about rights. The diffusion of the information and communication technologies in the societies especially in Asian societies have improved the situation in a sense that level of awareness is rising with the easy access to the information reating awareness about all the spheres of life including human and political rights. Formal political process and democracy are basically dependent on effective communication and properly conveyed decisions-making about political issues between citizens, politicians and other stakeholders who can be affected with collective political decisions (Habermas, 1996; vanDiJk, 2000). Internet has been increasingly used in campaigns and becoming a decisive factor in political campaign for candidates and web users alike with each passing election in developed countries (BucyAffe, 2006). The study of (Hansen Benoitb, 2005) investigated the immediate ffects of watching presidential candidates World Wide Web (WWW) sites of George W. Bush and A1 Gore in the 2000 general election and recorded that these sites have impacts on voters. Currently, the situation in developing countries is not the same as that of developed countries however, with the passage of time and with the diffusion of ICTs, it will change. The first few years of the new millennium witnessed extremely to 2003, the penetration of ICTs was one-quarter-billion in the developing countries. As a result of this rapid expansion in ICTs, youngsters belonging to developed and eveloping nations around the globe have got equal access to information and now they can share the ideas with other minds beyond the physical boundaries of their countries. It was estimated that there were 1. 4 billion of the web users by the year 2008. As per report of TU, there had been 20, 350, 000 Internet users since June, 2010 in Pakistan i. e. about 1 1. % of the population has reach to the Internet which actually does not represent the whole of the population. These Internet adaptors are usually belongs to urban areas with a better socio-economic and academic uplift and they can help trigger the process of true democracy. It has been observed that the Internet is enhancing the political participation between economically and educationally privileged users (Bonchek, 1997). 2. 2 Right of Life The Constitution of Bangladesh does not explicitly provide for the right to healthy environment either in the directive principles or as a fundamental right. Article 31 states that every citizen has the right to protection from action detrimental to the life liberty, body, reputation, or property, unless these are taken in accordance with law. It added that the citizens and the residents of Bangladesh have the inalienable right o be treated in accordance with law. If these rights are taken away, compensation must be paid. Article 32 states: No person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty saves in accordance with law. These two articles together incorporate the fundamental right to life. The following discussion suggests that this right to life includes the right to a healthy environment capable of supporting the growth of a meaningful existence of life. (l) In 1994, a public interest litigation was initiated before the Supreme Court dealing with air and noise pollution. The Supreme Court greed with the argument presented by the petitioner that the constitutional right to life does extend to include right to a safe and healthy environment. 2)ln a recent case, the Appellate Division and the High Court Division of the Supreme Court have dealt with the question in a positive manner. The Appellate Division, in the case of Dr. M. Farooque v. Bangladesh (3) has reiterated Bangladeshs commitment in the context of engaging concern for the conservation of environment, irrespective of the locality where it is threatened. This was a full court consensus Judgment and the ourt decided: The High Court Divisio n in the same case (4)expanded the fundamental right to life to include anything that affects life, public health and safety. It includes the enjoyment of pollution free water and air, improvement of public health by creating and sustaining conditions congenial to good health and ensuring quality of life consistent with human dignity. The court added that, if right to life means the right to protect health and normal longevity of any ordinary human being, then it could be said that the fundamental right to life ofa person has been threatened or endangered. 2. 3 Right to Equality The Constitution of India and Bangladesh provides that all are equal before the law and shall be accorded equal protection of the law. Equality before law means that, among equals, law shall be equal and shall be equally administered. Equal and no discrimination shall be made in conferment or imposition of liabilities. According to the Indian Constitution, article 14 states that: The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection before the laws within the territory of India. If article14 is infringed, it can have an impact on the environment and human rights. The urban environmental group frequently takes resort to article 14 to quash arbitrary municipal permissions for construction that are contrary to development regulations. Article 14 can be used to challenge government sanctions for mining and other activities with high human rights and environmental impact, where the permissions are arbitrarily granted without adequate consideration of environmental impacts. (5) Article 25 of the Constitution of Pakistan deals with right to equality. It states that all citizens are equal before law and are entitled to equal protection of law and that there shall be no discrimination n the basis of sex alone. The Constitution of Bangladesh provides similar rights to the citizens. Term Paper free essay sample Almost all large corporations have gained some equines interest in a market outside of their own domestic market. However, the degree of global success varies dramatically among firms and industries. It is imperative for the managers and strategists to study each others international failures and successes in order to avoid duplicating the former and mimicking the latter. To exploit the opportunities of the world trade, companies will need to take an active and ongoing strategic approach to global marketing. Global marketing and the opportunities it offers businesses today depend on the ability to adapt and find new solutions to complex issues. Among the major concerns Of strategic planning is the understanding and diagnosis of the environment, which can be described by aggregating many of the variables into sub environments. Quail ¶y management is an important part of every companys strategic planning process. Its sole purpose is to improve the performance of the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Term Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This would appear to be common sense, yet very few international companies realize the promise of quality management to consistently improve the organizations results.Strategic planning is used by organizations to counter the internal ND external problems they experience. The internal and external problems prevent the firm to reach its goals. This paper will use strategic planning to solve the issues at the Chronicle Gazette and will offer the management of the company a strategic vision of where the newspaper publishing industry stands today and where it is headed over the next decade. Furthermore, it will also present different strategies that the company can investigate in order to survive in the new business environment. . State of the newspaper industry 2. 1. Declining circulation and revenue The newspaper industry is facing problems because of the advancement in technologies. The newspaper industry is the most profitable of all media industries. In order to produce its product, the newspaper industry combines technology, information gathering and packaging services, and financial support from advertisers and readers to produce a perishable product that is usable by literate audiences and whose usefulness to most consumers diminishes within a day.A variety of unique economic characteristics distinguish newspapers from other media. The mission Of newspaper enterprises includes both commercial and social facets. Like most other media, newspapers play important roles as facilitators of commerce, promoting consumption by creating consumer wants for products through advertising, and serving the financial interests of newspaper owners as part of the competitive economic system. Newspapers, however, play a greater role as facilitators of social and political expression than other media.As a result, newspaper firms tend to emphasize conveyance of information and ideas about contemporary events and issues to a greater degree than oth er Edie that are more entertainment oriented. The future of the newspaper industry is unclear because of declining readership, illiteracy, and technological changes, but there is no reason to believe the functions of newspapers will no longer be required or that newspaper companies do not have the ability to adapt and survive. Newspaper companies are concerned because it appears that the decline In readership of newspapers among the population as a whole will continue.Many persons, especially young people, appear uninterested in the current content of newspapers and make greater use of other media. Persons of all gees who cannot read, or do not read well, can be expected to increasingly use broadcast and cable services for their news, information, and advertising needs. Nevertheless, a great number of people can still be expected to want information of the type found in newspapers and there will continue to be a need for firms to gather and convey such information. Some futurists predict that the newspaper itself will disappear because of changes in production and distribution.They argue that the printing aspects of the industry will disappear and the electronic product currently being produced by the news ND advertising portions of newspaper companies will be transposed into an electronic newspaper deliv ered via cable or computer. Traditionalists disagree, arguing that the portability of newspapers will halt or delay such electronic distribution. In the short term, the prospects for the newspaper industry remain good. Habitual use and steady demand for the information product, as well its continuing attractiveness to advertisers, indicate that it should remain a profitable industry well into the 21st century.In the long term, the financial prospects of the newspaper industry are favorable even if genealogical and lifestyle changes lead consumers to accept electronic video- based distribution and the printing portion of the industry disappears. Under such a scenario, newspaper companies would replace their high-cost composition, printing, and distribution departments with a lower cost department that facilitates distribution or access through existing telecommunication or cable services, while continuing to use their prepares activities to provide the news and information for the new media product. . 2. Status of the newspaper leaders The New York Times and Wall Street journal are experiencing what other swapper businesses ar e facing. Both companies are still on a profitable state but the threat of new technology still affects their operations. The process of creating a product to distribute to market varies widely across the media industries. In the case of newspapers, for example, production is by necessity compressed into a few hours.Most processes assembling newsworthy items from reporters and wire services, layout and typesetting the physical availability of the product for distribution must take place in a compressed time frame. In contrast, the time frame for a book may be months or years. Within particular segments of the industry, there have been some notable changes in the production process in recent years. For example, few book and magazine publishers now physically undertake their own printing, as major commercial printers such as R. R. Donnelley Sons co. Do the majority of book and magazine printing on an ongoing basis.Technological developments have facilitated efficient operations for firms that require geographically dispersed facilities locations. For example, the availability of satellite communications improves the efficiency of the reduction process for publications where there is a standard product that is printed in several locations. Prominent examples include The Wall Street Journal and USA Today. The newspaper industry in the United States is characterized by monopoly and its attendant market power, with 98% of newspapers existing as the only daily paper published within their markets. In the few cities where local competition exists, it nearly always occurs between differentiated newspapers such as a broadsheet and a tabloid intended for different audiences or between papers that target substantially different geographic arrest than their competitors. The markets for most papers are the retail trading zones in which they exist. A national market is relevant for papers that circulate throughout the country and have the majority of their circulation outside the city of main publication.The national newspaper market in the U. S. Includes papers such as the Wall Street Journal, LISA Today, and Christian Science Monitor. This national list is usually supplemented with the New York Times, which gains only about One quarter of its circulation in the national market but is included because of its standing as the national newspaper of cord. In debates within the range of elite opinion, moreover, the Times have not been Fearless even in the face of gross outrages against law, morality, and the general interest.The newspaper industry is not significantly affected by globalization and remains primarily a domestic industry, both in the Ignited States and abroad. The primary reasons for the lack of globalization are that newspapers primary product is local and localized by nature and that linguistic limitations limit the exportability of newspapers. In terms of ownership, few American newspaper firms are globalization their operations for tragic reasons and lack of company structures and capabilities to support international activities. A notable exception has been DOD Jones Co. Which has aggressively pursued globalization through the establishment of regional editions, such as Wall Street Journal Europe and Wall Street Journal Asia. The Gannett Co. Makes USA Today available in some parts of the world through satellite printing and distribution agreements and the New York Times Co. Owns the Paris-based International Herald-Tribune. 3. Why newspapers are facing declining circulations and revenues? 3. 1 . External Assessment 3. 1. 1. Economic Forces Currently Newspapers are still profiting but it has been declining due to new technology such as the internet and the recent economic crisis.The internet has made sure that people dont need to buy newspapers. The economic crisis prevents some individuals to purchase newspapers. Aside from buyers, newspaper businesses rely on advertisers as a source of income. Even the advertisers or the alternative means of income of the newspaper businesses are affected by the internet and innovative media. In recent decades, advertisers have increasingly come to view newspapers as means of reaching ass audiences, rather than as means of reaching segmented audiences that were once available when multiple papers existed. Today, advertisers use other media particularly radio, magazines, and cablecasts to segment audiences and rely on newspapers, a print medium, for reaching mass audiences. In large local markets, some newspapers have begun to segment portions of their markets in geographic terms by providing cost-saving zoned editions that appeal most to local retail stores that serve customers only in a small portion of the entire newspapers market and to classified advertisers interested only in reaching nearby readers.The general reliance on newspapers as a mass medium by national and large advertisers has created a systemic economic problem that makes it nearly impossible for competing papers to survive in the same market. When more than one paper exists in a market, the secondary paper is disadvantaged because a disproportionate amount of advertising is given to the leading paper, regardless Of how closely the second paper approximates its circulation. 3. 1 . 2. Social, cultural, demographic, and environmental forces Daily newspapers have problems.Their readership, especially among younger traders and those most attractive to advertisers, is declining. Their mode of delivering what they produce requires huge capital expenditures in printing presses, newsprint, fleets of delivery trucks, and armies of individuals to drop the ink-on-crushed-trees product on readers doorsteps. Readers have long been used to getting their newspaper for very low cost, despite the fact that the expense of generating much of that content, especially local, original content, is going up.Readers have had their newspaper subsidized by advertisers, who were traditionally willing to pay for access to readers attention. But advertisers are discovering other means of communicating with potential buyers, especially through the use of direct mail and other highly tailored, one-to-one forms of marketing. Hundreds of competitors in the online world have discovered that it is economically feasible and profitable to unbundled the commodity information that has historically been one of the staples of newspapers and deliver it electronically to targeted audiences. The challenge to newspapers historic role as a mass medium with wide readership, deep advertiser support, status as an official publication racial to government, and a business model that was a license to print money has led many to examine how the newspaper of the future must change in order to survive. Newspapers are usually read by adults and some young people. The onset Of the internet reduced the young readers and it reduced the adult readers. People nowadays look for the internet as a primary source of information.People nowadays think that the internet is the faster and more efficient means of gaining all information. 3. 1. 3. Political, governmental and legal forces Economics oriented critics of government intervention in the media realm happily rely on oversimplified economics. Under certain purportedly normal circumstances, the market provides firms with an incentive to produce and sell the product as long as the products cost is less than the purchaser will pay, that is, as long as marginal costs are less than marginal price.The market thereby leads to a preference-maximizing production and distribution. The public may have reasons to presume the seller or producer exercises independent judgment and to believe that this supplier uses this independence to try to serve the purchasers interests. These concerns roved a ACTA last for the press to portray itself as independent and an explanation for most peoples outrage at any evidence that advertisers influence medias editorial content. People value media products for various reasons. Audiences want media products for entertainment or for specific information, as well as for edification. Attributes that make a media product good for one purpose may not be those that make it good for another. This diversity in functions introduces complications for the notion of the audience getting what it wants, complications that are often exacerbated due to the ultimate purchasers audiences and advertisers. Governments have not used means to give assistance to the newspaper industry. No laws have helped in reducing the problem of newspapers.The government only tries to moderate the contents of newspaper but it does not interfere in the situation and condition of the newspaper industry. The government has no power to moderate or reduce the onset of the use of the internet as a competitor for newspaper businesses because of the basic freedom of expression. 3. 1. 4. Technological forces The internet changed the newspaper industry. The internet reduced the need or printing newspaper since there was already an online newspaper. Online newspapers are mostly free but some ask for payment before people can view the site.Although offering content for free to users can boost an electronic newspapers market it may also take readers away from its print edition. Hence, the significant thing for online newspapers is to differentiate themselves from traditional media so that they appear to offer something different. In the long-distance information market, print editions may not be readily available. But there are other challenges. Once the news gets on the Web, it reaches a global market. The marginal cost for delivering news to more people is zero.If an area can generate revenue that exceeds cost, it is worthwhile for electronic newspapers to explore wider markets that carry them beyond the geographical boundaries defining their print editions. How successful an online newspaper will be at attracting readers in the global marketplace is hard to predict. Experience has already shown that readerships for such publications can vary widely. Major newspapers such as The New York Times is The Wall Street Journal is attract significant numbers f visitors to their online editions from all around the world.Smaller local newspapers may continue to attract only a regional readership, even when they go online. In the international arena, online newspapers may include business people needing first-hand information from another country or travelers seeking news of native lands. While residing overseas, these users may not have access to their regular hard copy newspaper and therefore turn to its electronic version instead. Turning to the local advertising market, electronic newspapers face competition from offline and other online media operators.Printed newspapers often derive more than 3/4 of their revenue from advertising. Electronic newspapers have no strong model in this context because of advertisers concern over the endurance of the online readership and the online advertisements actual penetration. The current model requires electronic newspapers to deliver content free of charge to attract sufficient visitors to attract advertising. TO attract advertising, electronic newspapers must show an advantage over other media and over other online services.In the long-distance advertising market, electronic newspapers must array advertisements that have global appeal. This means attracting big national and international advertisers to advertise their brands on the Internet. An alternative is to persuade local companies to think globally and to explore international expansion on the Internet. There remains the problem of how to effectively measure audiences for Web advertising. Different measurement systems exist and disagreements have emerged about the effects of Internet advertising. News organizations have different objectives for establishing Web sites.Such sites can serve public relations function, operating as a brand-building tool. In this context, information is provided for free to users, because charging for exposure to a promotional feature is inappropriate. News Web sites may cover their costs through the advertising revenue they generate, as do print publications. Often, however, establishing this revenue stream takes time and an early entry into the online publishing market can enable a news publisher to learn important lessons essential to the maintenance of a viable Internet business in the longer term. . 1. 5 Competitive Forces New firms enter the newspaper industry if the current firms are earning their refits economic profits exist when returns in an industry that are superior than profits that are accessible from the substitute investments. Thus, the current firms leave the industry if the prices are high enough in order to handle their cost. Entry in the industry is complicated because the current firms are enjoying advantages Including the lower production costs that are not available to the new firms.It is important to consider that the long-run average cost of production of copies of additional newspaper decreases as the number of copies printed increase, thus the economies of scale mean a lily subscription prices than a daily that only reaches some of the minority of the newspaper buyers. Another barrier in entry in the industry is the cost of starting newspaper. It shows that costs for the daily newspapers with the estimated start-up costs for television and radio station a nd particularly websites. Furthermore, those new entrants in the industry will face higher operating cost due to extra costs such as promotion. Furthermore, the markets of the industry are facing some oblique competition between the different layers of newspapers including the national and suburban dailies ND weeklies. 3. 1. 6 External Factor Evaluation (EVE) Matrix FEE Matrix helps the strategists to summaries and assess the economic, social, cultural, demographic, environmental, political, governmental, legal, technological and competitive information.The table on the following page shows the FEE Matrix Of The Chronicles Gazette. Key External Factors Weight Rating Weighted Score Opportunities Internet 2 0. 2 2. Advancement of Mobile gadgets: cellophanes, phones, smartness etc. 15% 0. 0225 Local news coverage 3. 5% 3 0. 15 4. Support from the government The retreats Economic downturn 5. 0. 3 6. Growing competition with the online advertisers 15% Lack of interest of the public to newspaper 0. 1 8. 9. People who are willing to pay for newspaper subscription is declining 5% 0. 0025 10. Indirect competition from different layers of Newspaper 1 poor, 2 below average, 3 above average, 4 superior Total 100. 00% 1 . 3475 The total result of the FEE Matrix shows that the overall effort and performance of the newspaper company in handling the different opportunities and threats in the macro environment is poor. With this, it is important to focus on the different micro environmental factors or those internal aspects that are related with how to improve its current performance and achieve competitive advantage. 4. Internal assessment 4. . Organizational processes and structure The Chronicle Gazette has a well established organizational process and structure. The company has made sure that all the processes in making the newspaper and delivering it to clients were given much thought and consideration. The company made sure that all processes were based from high standards of quality. The company has made sure that its structure is well organized. The gazettes structure is so organized and each member of he organization is trained to find a solution for each problem. 4. 2. HER capabilities The Chronicle Gazette has a Human Resource group that hires the best journalist from the country. The HER group coordinates, communicates and discusses issues with the different journalist. The HER group also makes sure that it gathers competent workers that will print and deliver the newspapers. The HER group makes sure that the workers who will print and deliver the newspapers are given proper trainings on how to perform their duties. Lastly the HER group makes sure that they hire the best managers, sales and office personnel. Term paper free essay sample There are so many options available to how they can structure the new business(s). We will write a custom essay sample on Term paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The appropriate business entity for any individual(s) will depend on their particular facts and circumstances. You are a valued colleague and friend of this three-some and they have come to you seeking advice as to how to structure their new business. They have the knowledge to figure it out themselves, but are looking for the advice of an unbiased 3rd party. Please consider the following tax and non-tax considerations as you recommend an entity choice to Penelope, Mark and John. After 20+ years of working for other firms, Penelope (Enrolled Agent, age 41), Mark (CPA, age 43) and John (CVA, age 65) want to leave the firms they are currently employed by and become their own bosses. Penelope specializes in Taxes, Mark is the Auditor and John is a Business Valuation expert. There are so many options available to how they can structure the new business(s). The appropriate business entity for any individual(s) will depend on their particular facts and circumstances. You are a valued colleague and friend of this three-some and they have come to you seeking advice as to how to structure their new business. They have the knowledge to figure it out themselves, but are looking for the advice of an unbiased 3rd party. Please consider the following tax and non-tax considerations as you recommend an entity choice to Penelope, Mark and John. After 20+ years of working for other firms, Penelope (Enrolled Agent, age 41), Mark (CPA, age 43) and John (CVA, age 65) want to leave the firms they are currently employed by and become their own bosses. Penelope specializes in Taxes, Mark is the Auditor and John is a Business Valuation expert. There are so many options available to how they can structure the new business(s). The appropriate business entity for any individual(s) will depend on their particular facts and circumstances. You are a valued colleague and friend of this three-some and they have come to you seeking advice as to how to structure their new business. They have the knowledge to figure it out themselves, but are looking for the advice of an unbiased 3rd party. Please consider the following tax and non-tax considerations as you recommend an entity choice to Penelope, Mark and John. After 20+ years of working for other firms, Penelope (Enrolled Agent, age 41), Mark (CPA, age 43) and John (CVA, age 65) want to leave the firms they are currently employed by and become their own bosses. Penelope specializes in Taxes, Mark is the Auditor and John is a Business Valuation expert. There are so many options available to how they can structure the new business(s). The appropriate business entity for any individual(s) will depend on their particular facts and circumstances. You are a valued colleague and friend of this three-some and they have come to you seeking advice as to how to structure their new business. They have the knowledge to figure it out themselves, but are looking for the advice of an unbiased 3rd party. Please consider the following tax and non-tax considerations as you recommend an entity choice to Penelope, Mark and John. After 20+ years of working for other firms, Penelope (Enrolled Agent, age 41), Mark (CPA, age 43) and John (CVA, age 65) want to leave the firms they are currently employed by and become their own bosses. Penelope specializes in Taxes, Mark is the Auditor and John is a Business Valuation expert. There are so many options available to how they can structure the new business(s). The appropriate business entity for any individual(s) will depend on their particular facts and circumstances. You are a valued colleague and friend of this three-some and they have come to you seeking advice as to how to structure their new business. They have the knowledge to figure it out themselves, but are looking for the advice of an unbiased 3rd party. Please consider the following tax and non-tax considerations as you recommend an entity choice to Penelope, Mark and John. Term paper free essay sample Focus: Strategic issues in risk return tradeoff relation, beta estimation, portfolio management, market efficiency, and market timing. Assignment Questions 1 Discuss the strategy and goals of Alex Sharpe and relate them to the efficient market hypothesis. 2 Calculate the return and variability (standard deviation) of Reynolds, Hasbro, and Vanguard Index 500 Trust during the past 5 years. Which one appears to be riskiest? SP 500 REYNOLDS HASBRO Mean 0.57% 1.87% 1.18% Variance 0.13% 0.88% 0.66% Standard Deviation 3.60% 9.37% 8.12% Conclusion: Reynolds appears to be riskiest. Explanation: Given the fact that risk reflects the uncertainty of future return on a given asset or a portfolio of assets, standard deviation is thus used as a measure of the risk for the reason that it examines the historical price fluctuations of the underlying assets. Hence, the higher standard deviation, the higher risk the asset bears. Based on the calculation, Reynolds is riskiest because it has the highest standard deviation. 3 Suppose Sharpe’s position had been 99% of equity funds invested in the index fund, and 1% in the individual stock. We will write a custom essay sample on Term paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Calculate the return and variability of each portfolio using each stock. How does each stock affect the return and variability of the equity investment? Which portfolio is riskiest? How does this relate to your answer to question 2? SP 500 Portfolio #1 SP500 and Reynolds Portfolio #2 SP500 and Hasbro Mean 0.57% 0.59% 0.58% Variance 0.13% 0.13% 0.13% Standard Deviation 3.60% 3.59% 3.62% Effect on the initial equity investment: Portfolio #1: Higher expected return, lower variability Portfolio #2: Higher expected return, higher variability Conclusion: Per the answer of question 2, portfolio #2 is the riskiest for the reason that it has the highest standard deviation. 4 Perform a regression of each stock’s monthly returns on the Index returns to compute the â€Å"beta† for each stock. How does this relate to the situation described in question 2 above? In what stock(s) (if any) should Sharpe invest? How might the expected return for each stock relate to its riskiness? 5 What would be your (i) goal and (ii) strategy if you are the portfolio manager? Please provide a reasonable analysis to support your goal and strategy.a Term Paper free essay sample After completing this course, students should be able to: understand and explain concepts and theories concerning the global business environment; apply conceptual frameworks and theories to current events in the global business environment and to actual behavior of firms that engage in international operations; explain and discuss the seminal and contemporary international business literature; display improved skills in critical thinking, analysis, and problem solving; demonstrate improved skills in independent research and communication; and understand the processes of working within a team or group and show evidence of ability to collaborate with others. The learning outcomes in this course also help you to achieve some of the overall program learning goals and outcomes for all postgraduate coursework students in the GAB. Program learning goals are what we want you to be or have by the time you successfully complete your degree (e. We will write a custom essay sample on Term Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page G. be an effective team player).You demonstrate this by achieving specific program learning outcomes what you are able to do by the end Of your degree (e. G. participate collaboratively and responsibly in teams). GAB Postgraduate Coursework Program Learning Goals and Outcomes 1 . Knowledge: Our graduates will have current disciplinary or interdisciplinary knowledge applicable in local and global contexts. You should be able to identify and apply current knowledge of disciplinary or interdisciplinary hero and professional practice to business in local and global environments. 2. Critical thinking and problem solving: Our graduates will have critical thinking and problem solving skills applicable to business and management practice or issues. You should be able to identify, research and analyses complex issues and problems in business and/or management, and propose appropriate and well-justified solutions. 3. Communication: Our graduates will be effective communicators in professional contexts. You should be able to: a. Produce written documents that communicate complex disciplinary ideas and 2 b. Information effectively for the intended audience and purpose, and Produce oral presentations that communicate complex disciplinary ideas and information effectively for the intended audience and purpose. 4. Teamwork: Our graduates will be effective team participants. You should be able to participate collaboratively and responsibly in teams, and reflect on your own teamwork, and on the teams processes and ability to achieve outcomes. 5.Ethical, social and environmental responsibility: Our graduates will have a sound awareness of ethical, social, cultural and environmental implications of business issues and practice. You should be able to: a. Identify and assess ethical, environmental and/or sustainability considerations in business decision-making and practice, and b. Consider social and cultural implications of business and /or management practice. 6. Leadership: Our graduates will have an understanding of effective leadership. (MBA and MBA programs only). You should be able to reflect on your personal leadership experience, and on the capabilities necessary for leadership.For more information on the postgraduate coursework program learning goals and outcomes, see Part B of the course outline. The following table shows how your course learning outcomes relate to the overall program learning goals and outcomes, and indicates where these are assessed: Program Learning Goals and Outcomes This course helps you to achieve the following learning goals for all GAB postgraduate coursework students: 1 Knowledge Course Learning Outcomes On successful completion of the course, you should be able to: Course Assessment Item This learning outcome will be assessed in the following items: Understand and explain concepts and theories concerning the global business environment.Explain and discuss the seminal and contemporary international busin ess literature. Case presentation Term paper Exam Critical thinking and problem solving Apply conceptual frameworks and theories to current events in the global business environment and to actual behavior of firms that engage in international operations. Display improved skills in critical thinking, analysis, and problem solving. AAA Written communication Oral communication Demonstrate improved skills in independent research and communication. Demonstrate improved skills in Term paper b Case presentation Part of seminar independent research and communication. Explain and discuss the seminal and contemporary international business literature. Teamwork participation mark but not separately assessed Sanderson the processes of working within a team or group and show evidence of ability to collaborate with others. Explain and discuss the seminal and contemporary international business literature. Not specifically assessed b. Ethical, environmental and sustainability responsibility Social and cultural awareness 3 LEARNING AND TEACHING ACTIVITIES 3. 1 Approach to Learning and Teaching in the Course This course is based on the most recent research and practice regarding business and management issues related to Ones. It combines multiple theoretical perspectives with practical cases, enabling students to understand how the conceptual tools work in practice.The course is taught with a participant-centered approach. The core of the course is student participation in both lectures and seminars. Throughout group work, case studies, and class discussion, students will be able to bring in their existing knowledge and contextual their theoretical analysis. Students with practical experience will e invited to share their experience with the class. The course sets clear expectations, goals, and learning outcomes for students. These are centered on the expectation that students for their future careers will want to equip themselves with the skills to deal with corporate challenges in an international context.Students will therefore be encouraged to develop analytical and presentation skills through individual research and as part Of a team. Continuous assessment during the course is done with the aim to support students in developing these skills, with timely feedback from both instructor and peer students provided. 3. 2 Learning Activities and Teaching Strategies Lectures which introduce theoretical and analytical concepts, and link the course content to current business practice. The modes of teaching for this course are: 4 Seminars which allow students to link their own experience to new conceptual tools and modes of analysis. Individual assignment which allows students to develop skills to conduct in-depth research on a selected topic.

Why Do You Wish To Study In The United States †Example Admission Essay

Why Do You Wish To Study In The United States – Example Admission Essay Free Online Research Papers Why Do You Wish To Study In The United States Example Admission Essay My name is Lo Yu Yang, and now I’m studying in Northeast School, which is one of the key middle schools in Liaoning Province for my third year of senior high school study. After I entered Northeast School for senior high school study, my parents always encourage me to study hard and earnestly in order to make a solid foundation for my future study and development, not only because most of the students in class are outstanding students and the competition is fierce but also for my future plan. At that time, my parents had already had the idea to send me to study abroad in the U.S. They say that it is the best choice for me as the U.S. has the best education system and aims to cultivate students’ practical competence combining with the knowledge learned from books. I didn’t have definite goal and just studied hard at that time, but as time goes on, now I am in my third year of my senior high school which is the turning point for my future and I gradually realize that I have to consider my future seriously, such as what I want to do and what I can do, etc., and choose the best way to achieve my objective. After deep consideration, I find that studying abroad is my best choice compared with other choices. So I participated in New Orie ntal to study TOEFL, which made me more and more confidently and firmly for my studying in the U.S. During studying English there I not only got my TOEFL result nearly 600, but also learned some New Oriental spirit from teachers there which give me great encourage on my studying abroad. What’s more, I have learnt philosophy toward life which is revivified and acquired things that I have never touched. For me it is curious and also interesting, and the most important, it can guide my direction in my life. All in all, I am confident that studying in the U.S. will lead me to my bright future and realize my life value. Research Papers on Why Do You Wish To Study In The United States Admission EssayStandardized TestingPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is ArtThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseCapital PunishmentResearch Process Part OneThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)

ECO202 CA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ECO202 CA - Essay Example It is during periods of recession, however, that terms fiscal and monetary policies can best be appreciated. Fiscal policy is the policy advocated by John Maynard Keynes while monetary policy, on the other hand, is advocated by Milton Friedman. According to basic economics, the obvious traceable cause of a recession is a poor level in aggregate demand. When we say aggregate demand, it is the total demand for all goods and services produced in a particular period. Of course needless to say, when no one is buying anything, who would want to produce more? What reason there is for an employer to hire working men to manufacture his product when no one after all is demanding for it? It will only bring him a loss instead of income. According to Keynes, during periods of recession, the government must enter the game and play a very critical role --- to stimulate overall aggregate demand (which is a deemed solution to the problem). The government must cut taxes and spend more on worthy projec ts to support the public needs and the business sector. When taxes are low and more government projects are in harmony with business’ goals and visions, more investors are being lured to invest, thereby solving unemployment problem. Now assuming the opposite is happening as in the case of an overheated expansion, the government still has a role to play. It has to tighten taxes and spend less to counter balance the effects of economic boom. Whether the government cut or tighten taxes, spend more or less, these actions simply refer to the government’s fiscal policy. Monetary policy on the other hand is another perceived solution to the problem of recession. As the word suggests, monetary policy has to do with interest rates and money --- production, supply and circulation of money. According to Milton Friedman, the proponent of monetary policy, the supply and circulation of money in the market has a greater impact on the economy more than anything else. During a period o f high unemployment the government must reduce the interest rate and increase the money supply. Likewise, when unemployment is low, the government has to raise interest rates and decrease the money in circulation. As compared to fiscal policy which is more of a function of the legislative branch of the government, take note that the implementation of monetary policies is vested in the hands of the Central Bank. They are independently implemented apart from fiscal policies of the government. 2. Compare and contrast the way Keynes and Friedman approach the economy. What are their key differences and similarities? John Maynard Keynes is a British economist who believes that the key to achieving a balanced economy, especially during a period of recession and economic downturn, is an effective government intervention that will cut on taxes and implement an expansionary fiscal policy (meaning, more government spending on worthy projects) or contractionary fiscal policy (increase in taxes and lesser government spending) as the case may be. Keynes’ economic framework focuses more on demand and spending. Absurd as it may sound but Keynes believed that spending, and not hoarding, helps the economy at large. The reason is that the spending of one person forms part of the income of another person, and when that person further spends his income, it forms part of the

SpinozaBerkeley Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SpinozaBerkeley - Essay Example Infinite substance is indivisible in Spinoza's view. He argues that if infinite substance were divisible then it could either be divided into two finite parts or it could be divided into two equally infinite parts; both of them being impossible. This proves that there is only one infinite substance and Spinoza believes that to be God (13). Since God is infinite substance, every being in existence has its being in God and nothing can exist without God (9). He proves that God is infinite substance and that no other substance exists outside of God. Thus Spinoza claims that God is present in all things; God is omnipotent. Spinoza argues that the will is the same as the intellect and in God, intellect is actual. God can think of infinite number of things in infinite number of ways. This infinite intellect of God comprehends all of God's attributes. All ideas are present in the intellect of God and the human mind is a part of the infinite intellect of God (13). Therefore, Spinoza maintains that ideas are adequate and true as long as they refer to God and reflect the essence of God. He also maintains that ideas that logically follow from such adequate ideas will remain adequate as well. Since adequate ideas must necessarily represent the essence of God, the idea of any substance's actual existence must also come from God. In this case, the human mind must be capable of knowing God and God's infinite essence. Sp Spinoza explains that the human mind may have both adequate and inadequate ideas. Adequate ideas are subject to reason whereas inadequate ideas are subject to emotions. There are three primary emotions from which all other emotions are derived - desire, pleasure and pain. Desire may arise from either pleasure or pain, pleasure arises from a transition from a lesser to a greater state of perfection and pain from a transition from greater to lesser state of perfection. For Spinoza, perfection is reality and since is God is absolutely perfect, he is also absolutely real (14). Spinoza argues that knowledge of good and evil comes from awareness of what causes pleasure and pain. The greatest good of the mind and the greatest virtue it can hold is to know God. To act with virtue is to act with reason and freedom is the ability to act with reason. Freedom is the ability to act rationally and to control emotions; not to subject to emotions and make free undetermined choices. Spinoza agrees that all emotions need not conflict with reason. Emotions that compliment reason causes pleasure whereas pain is caused by emotions that conflict reason (12). Adequate ideas reflect the infinite essence of God and they are subject to reason. Acting with reason causes pleasure and spreads goodness to all. Inadequate ideas do not express the essence of God and thus, knowledge of evil is inadequate knowledge. Inadequate knowledge thus causes pain. According to Spinoza, reason can control emotions and to live freely one must not be in servitude to emotions. Reason is virtue and v irtue is the knowledge of God and thus, Spinoza proves that the better control one exhibits over one's emotions, the better one can understand God (12). In Spinoza's view, all ideas are found in god and only those ideas that truly reflect the essence and knowledge of God are adequate and only those ideas provide freedom to the human mind. Berkeley's book "Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous" is broken into three separate sections, or dialogues. Through the first dialogue he tries to

Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Interview - Essay Example (Chu et al 2010). The importance of the setup is mirrored by the solidarity of a typical Chinese family. The deep mutual attachment is ingrained among the members, which is important for minimizing the cost of conflicts which may arise due to difference in objectives and other domestic issues. Therefore, the setup is responsible for the high degree of mutual attachment exhibited by all members of a typical traditional Chinese family. However, the demographic transitions and rapid economic development has exerted a negative strain which has resulted in diminished traditional family features. The retreat in traditional Chinese family features has resulted in an accelerating divorce rate, diminished influence of kin group and reduced parental control over married children. On the other hand, the influence of demographic transitions and economic development has helped the establishment of certain positive features such as reduced prevalence of bride price and dowry and has ensured the provision of womenà ¢â‚¬â„¢s rights and social values. (Chu et al 2010). The role of children in a typical setup is to learn and follow the traditional features of a Chinese family. With the advent of globalization, Children are now expected to seek and utilize various educational opportunities. Children are more frequently required to seek overseas education which enables them to play an important role in prosperity of family business or in availing other business opportunities. The children play an essential role in the integrity and continuing family existence by following the footsteps of their parents. In most instances, children are raised without close association with their fathers’ and this transnational family arrangement puts a great strain on the mothers to mould their children in such a way that they are better able to adapt to the internal as well as external environment of a

Risks and Challenges to Young People on the Internet

Risks and Challenges to Young People on the Internet Children on the Internet Overview: Nowadays, the internet has become a fundamental facial expression of our lives over recent epoch years and its becoming integral part of our life also its considered as an increasing role of todays culture , especially for children and teenagers, opening us up to a whole globe of knowledge. For whom school work, online gaming, social networking, entertainment and communication are among the most popular activities. However, the lack of common concord about the right overture to educating and protecting children adds further challenges to kid’s online experience and reflection. Additionally, cultural and geographical differences in legal and social norms reflect the fact that there is no universally accepted view of what defines a person as a child or what is appropriate for children, making inappropriate content and behavior difficult to recognize. â€Å"While some online crimes are cross-border in nature and so require global attention, at a national level, policy approaches to regulating content have so far predominantly employed a range of filtering techniques to limit access to or block Internet content[1]. The Internet can be a risky spot for the unwary, particularly children, containing undesired contact includes harassment, cyberbullying, stalking etc. In the meantime, most of the parents are worried about the dangers their children could face on the internet. The most important challenge for all parents is to teach themselves and their youngsters about how to utilize the Internet securely. On the other hand, to help kids maximizing the Internets benefits and minimizing the risks parents should teach their kids to stay safe online and should only make contact with people they already know and not reveal personal information about themselves online without a parent’s permission, includes their full name, email address, postal address, phone number, photo, school address etc.In addition, parents should remain in near touch with their children as they explore the internet to keep them safe and one of the most popular solutions is to install safety software on the parents computer so that they can restrict their child’s online activities to approved websites. History and Background: Almost 40 years ago, the US Defense Department first set the stage for the Internet with a network that was called ARPANET. This was a research program that was begun to discover new ways to link different networks together for government and scientific use[2]. What they hoped to develop was a method of communicating information packets among many computers at the same time. By years this networks get larger with more developed methods and protocols and the networks that resulted became known by the shortened form, the â€Å"Internet†. Now a days, internet is available everywhere and its one of the important things that life cant complete without it makes our life more easier and fast. But in the other hand, everything have the dark side and problems. In this case we are interested in the children and the effect of the internet on them. Children use Internet for many needs such as educational, entertainment and social media needs. Many organizations been published for serving safe internet for children for example: Childrens Internet Protection Act (CIPA) that been signed into law on December 21, 2000[3], they use Internet filters and implement other measures to protect children from harmful online content. Issue selection: Availability of not appropriate material on internet. Contact with Strangers people (who seek to abuse children) Privacy risks from game sites Availability of not appropriate material on internet: Firstly, the meaning of children: are the people under the age of fifteen years old and here we mean by the Not appropriate materials: is a material which is unsuitable for children generally. From multiple points of view the Internet is similar to a huge library, both have substance to teach and entertain, Furthermore, like the substance in a library, not all Internets content is appropriate for children. Libraries create children’s and youthful adults’ sections in order to help youths and their parents to distinguish which materials are fitting for them. However, on the internet, all of the not appropriate content may be equally accessible for all different ages. Arguments: There is a general opinion refers to benefit of governments action of filtering internet of inappropriate material: â€Å"Researchers at the Oxford Internet Institute recognition of the benefits of the control of information on the Internet and Web is certainly feasible, and technological advances do not therefore guarantee greater freedom of speech.(UNESCO,2010)[4] These some opinions support the previous opinion: â€Å"Governments should filter and censor explicit or profane websites, since there is currently very little that prevents children from accessing these sites. ( Efrain). Childrens Internet Protection Act (CIPA): requires that K-12 schools and libraries in the United States use Internet filters and implement other measures to protect children from harmful online content as a condition for federal funding(United States Supreme Court on June 23, 2003). Counter arguments: There is a general opinion advocated for eliminate of governments action of filtering internet of inappropriate material: Father of the Internet Vint Cerf stated that he sees government control of the Internet failing because the Web is almost entirely privately owned (November, 2007)[4] These some opinions support the previous opinion: Human rights denied it is simply a basic human right guaranteed bill of rights to every citizen. The government should not censor the Internet no matter the content because it infringes upon free speech. Analyses: Social Contract Theory: Action: Governments is filtering the internet of inappropriate content. Agents: Citizens, governments. Rights: Free of speech right. Analysis: is it logically acceptable? No the government cant catch everything on internet, people have the right to free speech, government could block non-pornographic web pages that contain scientific facts just because of using similar words. its violating one of the rights so, (The action is wrong.) Rule Utilitarianism: Proposed Rule: Every government is filtering the internet of inappropriate content. Benefit: Less number of children will be exposed to unwanted or harmful materials. More parents will be relief if their childs use the internet. Harms: Some of the non-pornographic sites is filtered Conclusion: The weights of benefits exceed the harms. So the action right. Our opinion In this issue we prefer that government establish a filtering to inappropriate material. Because we see this as the right action that could protect many children and childhood around the world. Contact with Strangers people (who seek to abuse children): Firstly, the meaning of Strangers : is who is neither a friend nor an acquaintance. Abuse and neglect are forms of maltreatment of a child. Somebody may abuse or neglect a child by inflicting harm or by failing to act to prevent harm. Children may be abused by those known to them or more rarely, by a stranger for example, via the internet. They may be abused by an adult or adults, or another child or children. [3] Arguments: This application support contacting children with strangers: whatsApp application don’t ask about the age, as Koum said: We designed our system to be as anonymous as possible. Were not advertisement-driven so we dont need personal databases so they don’t give attention to children that may be abused from strangers [7] Counter arguments: Application advocated for eliminate of contacting children with strangers many social application in App Store take into account the age of the user , as the apple review guidelines mentions :Apps may ask for date of birth (or use other age-gating mechanisms) only for the purpose of complying with applicable childrens privacy statutes, but must include some useful functionality or entertainment value regardless of the users age [8] Analyses: Kantianism Theory: 1st Formulation: Action: social applications ask the user about his/her age to protect children from strangers. Proposed Rule: every social application ask the user about his/her age. Analysis: is logically acceptable? Yes, parents will feel secure to let their children use internet without being abused. And its not annoying thing for singles. (The action is right) 2nd Formulation: Goal (end): Protecting children from strangers. Mean: there is no mean to end. Analysis: as long there is no mean to end. (The action is right). Social Contract Theory: Agents: user, application provider Rights: asking about the user age doesnt conflict the user privacy as long as its not asking about real name, ID and another detail information. (The action is right) Our opinion: it is Moral for social applications to ask the user about his/her age to protect children from strangers because in the end our first care and matter is to serve a save internet environment that is clean from abusing and neglect children. Privacy risks from game sites: Online gaming has attracted lots of children over the past years. People spend allot of time in front of their computers playing their favorite games. Therefore, Privacy considered as one of the most complex legal issues that faceour society, many sites, such as sties that is interested in a gaming and playing games have little interest in actively profiling their users or discovering personal information about them However, these sites will often collect significant amounts of personal data that may trigger liability risks. Moreover, A lot of choices exist in today’s online gaming environment, most allow players to create online identities as game identifier and most of the game sites take the advantage of these information in real world for example selling these personal information in market. Arguments: Online Gaming has become a major source of entertainment and revenue generation by inventing a fishing ground for online predators and malicious hackers to gain more illicit profit from targeting the children (Hayes, 2008).[5] â€Å"A survey conducted by Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in 1998 supporting that 89% of websites targeted children to collect personal information (Sandwig, 2003).[5] Counter arguments: Children should also be encouraged to interact and discuss with their parents, the various issues they face while accessing internet and especially while giving private information to any personal or organization[6] and parent should also take the full responsibility of using their children the game sites that require filling personal information. Analyses: Kantianism Theory: 1st Formulation: Action: Games sites sell the chilled personal information to third-party partners. Proposed Rule: Every online games sties ask children for extensive personal and family information for marketing purposes. Analysis: is it logically acceptable? No, its totally not acceptable because these websites are taking the advantage of naivety of children to collect their personal information without their parent permeation, so the action is wrong. 2nd Formulation: Goal (end): Profiteering from the personal information of the children. Mean: yes, they use the child naivety as a means to their end which is selling the personal information and take benefit from it. Social Contract Theory: Agent: Game site creator- children. Right: They violated the privacy right which is considered as prudential right, so the action is wrong. Our opinion: In this issue is that we consider it as not moral because no one have the right to expose someone personal information or use it in any way. Summary and Conclusion: As conclusion, we believe that everything in world has good and bad side but its also deepened on the way that how people use it or how people can take the maximum advantages form it. When considering potential benefits and harms of children using the internet, the parents will be the most responsible to be on the positive impacts on children’s learning and take the ability and teach their children how to take responsibility and use the internet in way that will return benefit to them. Finally, we agree that using the internet can benefit children’s education and social development, but children sometimes will be in risk of exposing to inappropriate material that is hateful, or violent in nature, or encourages activities that are dangerous or illegal, However, can we arrange to have benefits without risks of using children the internet, like we mention above its all depend on the parents in the first place and how they will going to take the full responsibility their children. References: [1] internetsociety . (Feb 8, 2014).Children and the Internet.Available: http://www.internetsociety.org/sites/default/files/bp-childrenandtheinternet-20129017-en.pdf [2] The kid’s wendo. (Sept 2000) history of the internet. Available:  http://www.thekidswindow.co.uk/News/Internet_History.htm [3]  Wikipedia . (Paris, 2011). Childrens Internet Protection Act.Available:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childrens_Internet_Protection_Act [4] Wikipedia . (Jaeger, 2009).Internet censorship.Available:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship#cite_note-UNESCO-2011-3 [5] North Yorkshire Safeguarding Children Board (May, 2014).What is child abuse.Available:  http://www.safeguardingchildren.co.uk/section-1.html [6] UKessays. (April, 2012).Children On The Internet Media Essay.  Available:  http://www.ukessays.com/essays/media/children-on-the-internet-media-essay.php [7] Epic (Federal Trade Commission March 6, 2014) In the Matter of WhatsApp, Inc. .Available:  https://epic.org/privacy/ftc/whatsapp/WhatsApp-Complaint.pdf [8] Apple . (April, 2014). Available:  https://developer.apple.com/app-store/review/

Philip Morris Marketing Analysis :: essays research papers

Philip Morris Marketing Analysis Definition of Industry Market Concept The tobacco industry consists of many competitors trying to satisfy a specific customer need. Companies such as Philip Morris, RJ Reynolds, Brown and Williamson, and Lorillard hold almost the entire market share in the tobacco industry. While each company has different advertising and marketing techniques, they all target the same customer group. Tobacco companies try their best to generate interest in their particular brand or brands. Companies market a number of attributes that usually include, but are not limited to: taste, flavor, strength, size and image in order to distinguish themselves from competitors (Business Week 179, November 29, 1999). However, all tobacco companies are satisfying the same needs. Many long-time smokers are addicted to the nicotine in cigarettes. They smoke because the nicotine is needed to help them feel normal (Focus group). Many addicts go through withdraw without nicotine. All tobacco companies have nicotine in their cigarettes, which fulfills the ne ed of long-time smokers. Other smokers depend on cigarettes in social settings. Many smoke to look sophisticated and mature. Tobacco companies make many kinds of cigarettes that target different groups. Social smokers may perceive certain brands as more sophisticated, and therefore they shy away from other lesser-known brands. For example, a person who smoked generic cigarettes at the bar may be perceived as uncultured. On the other hand, the smoker with the Marlboro Lights may be more socially accepted because they have a brand name product (Focus group). Many types of cigarettes cater to the many markets of smokers who want to portray a certain image in social settings. Tobacco companies do not create the need to smoke, but try to generate interest in their particular brand (Hays, New York Times, November 24, 1999). Overall, the tobacco companies satisfy consumer demand for the millions of adult Americans who choose to use tobacco by providing differentiated products to different target markets of smokers. Industry Concept The tobacco industry has developed a rather large array of products. Companies such as Philip Morris, Lorillard, RJ Reynolds, and Brown and Williamson, as well as the other smaller competitors, all provide the same product- cigarettes. The tobacco industry is filled with fierce competitors. But underneath the brand names and images, the product is relatively the same. All tobacco companies produce an inhalant that is made with tobacco, tar, and nicotine. These materials are rolled in a special kind of slow-burning paper for longer smoking time.

Attitude Toward Elderly

Old Age Attitudes towards Older People Attitudes and treatment towards elderly people can be said to vary drastically across cultures. From Europe, Asia, the Middle East, the America's, Africa and Australia, the attitudes expressed by the community towards older people are very different when compared to one another. 1. In the 1960s, Robert Butler coined the phrase ageism, which he defined as: â€Å"A process of systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against people because they are old, just as racism and sexism accomplish this with skin color and gender.Old people are categorized as senile, rigid in thought and manner, old-fashioned in morality and skills . . . . Ageism allows the younger generations to see older people as different from themselves; thus they subtly cease to identify with their elders as human beings . . . â€Å". People of older age who were once respected and admired are now being dehumanized and being categorized as â€Å"undesirables†.People look ed up to them as someone who have been around the block a couple more times and therefore they held a certain level of knowledge in their life banks that society thought of as useful. Society has robbed them of those life banks now and is holding them hostage in â€Å"homes†. Instead of grandchildren getting to enjoy stories of war, love, life, and experiences from their grandparents around the dinner table they are subject to visiting them in retirement homes.Those same people who took care of the new society and gave up so much to raise them are now being â€Å"punished† for aging and al the affects that come along with it. People use to hold doors open, do lawn work, fix things, anything they could to help and show respect for their elders who were incapable of doing such for themselves. Now-a-days those people have turned their cheeks on elders and just throw them in a retirement home to make it easier on themselves. However there is a town in New York that is revi ving the respect owed to all elders. 2. The community was built on the backs of our seniors,† said Melissa Lee of the Coalition for the Improvement of Bedford-Stuyvesant, which is in charge of the program. â€Å"It’s important that now they reap the fruits of their labors and are able to age in place. † Treating older people as if they are completely useless and incompetent is not only demoralizing them but it is also dehumanizing them. Not only are people handing over the well being of their parents/grandparents/ect. over to a caregiver, but they are not putting in effort to see who some of these care givers truly are.They bully them by: withholding medication from or overmedicating the elderly person, keeping the elderly person in unclean living quarters, not maintaining the elderly person’s physical appearance, sexual abuse, preventing the elderly person from having any or meaningful contact with his or her family, neighbors, or the public, psychologica l abuse which includes name-calling or a systematic plan to dehumanize the elderly person and make him or her more dependent upon the caregiver, the caregiver prompting the elderly person to answer questions and putting words in the elderly person’s mouth. . Before the early 1980s, there was little, if any, reference made to elder abuse in literature that did address family violence. However, as the years pass, more and more studies have been made, and research conducted on this subject. In 1990, the information of two incidence studies and their results was released, which revealed shocking statistics: anywhere between 1. 6 million and 2 million Americans considered elderly were abuse victims each year. Some of this abuse occurred in the family home; some in institutions. In 2003, the Elder Justice Act was implemented.The neglect and shame put upon the elderly has reached such a peak that they are now the â€Å"undesirables† among society. Set aside and cast away from the new age society, elders have become invisible to today’s youth. Elders are seen to have no purpose or abilities left, which makes them completely and utterly useless to society. Therefore society continues to go on and change leaving elders where they are and not doing things to improve their lives. Stories making headlines such as 4. â€Å"To Be Elderly And Unwanted In Mohegan Lake† show the shameful act of some communities to rid of their elderly. shameful story of how a respected local nonprofit group has tried to winterize four summer cottages to house eight elderly poor people – and how neighbors and town officials have fought them so that the case has dragged on three years. † These kinds of stories are too often seen and there is a heightening need for young people to come down a few levels and see their elders and respect who they are. The scarce respect that is left for elders is rapidly being taken over by dehumanizing and demoralizing trait s. Instead of just sitting and talking or oing to play games with all of the people of old age in society, the new age people of society decide to take the elders to â€Å"homes† that will do it for them. However society is not looking long term, they are only looking at instant gratification moves. In twenty to thirty years when this society becomes the elders karma is going to come back and have some harsh payback to hand them. The only thing to be done to stop this awful cycle would be to start respecting, admiring and helping out the old age of today because nobody stays young forever. Works Citied The New York Times. The New York Times. Web. 27 Apr. 012. . Elizabeth, Jessica Anne. â€Å"The Elderly Abuse Prevention Act. † EHow. Demand Media, 21 July 2009. Web. 27 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"Respect Your Elders: Bed-Stuy Launches an ‘AgingA Improvement District'A . † NY Daily News. Web. 27 Apr. 2012. http://www. nydailynews. com/new-york/brooklyn/respect-elders -bed-stuy-launches-aging-improvement-district-article-1. 1067380? localLinksEnabled. â€Å"Sonnet 127: In the Old Age Black Was Not Counted Fair – Poem by William Shakespeare. † Famous Poets and Poems. Web. 27 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"Why Has the Elderly Lost Society's Respect? † HubPages. Web. 27 Apr. 2012. . Old Age Formal Outline I.Attitudes and treatment towards elderly people can be said to vary drastically across cultures. From Europe, Asia, the Middle East, the America's, Africa and Australia, the attitudes expressed by the community towards older people are very different when compared to one another. 1. In the 1960s, Robert Butler coined the phrase ageism, which he defined as: â€Å"A process of systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against people because they are old, just as racism and sexism accomplish this with skin color and gender. Old people are categorized as senile, rigid in thought and manner, old-fashioned in morality and skills . . . Agei sm allows the younger generations to see older people as different from themselves; thus they subtly cease to identify with their elders as human beings . . . â€Å". People of older age who were once respected and admired are now being dehumanized and being categorized as â€Å"undesirables†. II. People looked up to them as someone who have been around the block a couple more times and therefore they held a certain level of knowledge in their life banks that society thought of as useful. A) Robbed of cherished memories with grandchildren. 1. being placed in â€Å"homes† 2. unable to see familyB) Going from being honored to abandoned by all. III. Treating older people as if they are completely useless and incompetent is not only demoralizing them but it is also dehumanizing them. A) Caregivers bullying elders. 1. withholding medicine, keeping away from family 2. calling names, planting mental attacks on them. B) Elder abuse on a rise. 1. 1980 almost unheard of 2. 1990 research shows shocking high results of abuse 3. 2003 Elder Justice Act put to work IV. The neglect and shame put upon the elderly has reached such a peak that they are now the â€Å"undesirables† among society.A) Cast aside from society 1. invisible to younger society 2. left in the dust of new age change B) Fought to be kept hidden 1. neighbors don’t want them 2. court cases filed to keep away 3. numerous stories making headlines suggesting the â€Å"unwanted† C) Society steps down to analyze what needs to change. V. The scarce respect that is left for elders is rapidly being taken over by dehumanizing and demoralizing traits. Instead of just sitting and talking or going to play games with all of the people of old age in society, the new age people of society decide to take the elders to â€Å"homes† that will do it for them.However society is not looking long term, they are only looking at instant gratification moves. In twenty to thirty years when th is society becomes the elders karma is going to come back and have some harsh payback to hand them. The only thing to be done to stop this awful cycle would be to start respecting, admiring and helping out the old age of today because nobody stays young forever. Sonnet 127: In the old age black was not counted fair by William Shakespeare In the old age black was not counted fair, Or if it were, it bore not beauty's name;But now is black beauty's successive heir, And beauty slandered with a bastard shame. For since each hand hath put on nature's power, Fairing the foul with art's false borrowed face, Sweet beauty hath no name no holy bower, But is profaned, if not lives in disgrace. Therefore my mistress' eyes are raven black, Her eyes so suited, and they mourners seem, At such who, not born fair no beauty lack, Sland'ring creation with a false esteem. Yet so they mourn, becoming of their woe, That every tongue says beauty should look so.

Summary Entrepreneuring as Emancipation Essays

Summary Entrepreneuring as Emancipation Essays Summary Entrepreneuring as Emancipation Essay Summary Entrepreneuring as Emancipation Essay There exist four main approaches about what entrepreneurs distinguishes from managers: (1) creation of new organizations, (2) high-growth, high- wealth-creating businesses, (3) innovations and creation Of new products and arrests, and (4) recognition and pursuit of profitable opportunities. The underlying assumption is that wealth creation is a fundamental goal of entrepreneurial efforts. Jim Corona: he provides anecdotal evidence that individuals often engage in entrepreneurial for motives other than wealth. Corona was a senior vice president at a large long-distance telephone provider and he stated that decisions came too slow, he had too little control of the work environment, and all corporate decisions were dominated by their impact on next quarters earnings. His CEO asked him to lay off employees in Corpsmans hometown in order to boost the quarterly earnings, however he refused and left the company. He then created his own company to provide jobs for sixty of his laid-off neighbors. This start-up motivation is the intent of the Special Topic Forum (SST) and this article. The given definition of entrepreneurial is consistent with prior research in terms of the creation of newness. The objective of this article is to extend and complement this research. Two goals in this article: (1 ) broaden the focus of entrepreneurship research by drawing attention to the emancipators aspects of entrepreneurial and (2) introducing the papers contained in the SST and elate them to the emancipators perspective. Entrepreneurial Business et al suggested an overarching framework that characterizes entrepreneurship in three nouns: (1) entrepreneurs, (2) new ventures, and (3) opportunities. This focus has been valuable, however it also limits the research attention given to the actions and processes that constitute the domain Of entrepreneurship. TO promote attention to research that investigates the doing the call for SST papers is framed in terms of entrepreneurial, following Wick his idea that verbs draw attention to actions and processes geared toward change creation. Additionally, using entrepreneurial encourage researches to study a broader set of actions intended not only to create new wealth but also to bring about new states in relevant economic, social, institutional, and cultural environments. To direct more research to the study of entrepreneurial activities as generators of change, a perspective is developed on why and how entrepreneurial can be viewed as an emancipators process. Emancipators refers to the act of setting free from the power of another. Viewing entrepreneurial projects as emancipators efforts focuses on understanding he factors that cause individuals to seek to disrupt the status quo and change their position in the social order in which they are embedded. The need to develop this perspective arises as the motivation for entrepreneurial is a desire for freedom and independence from conventional structures of authority and income generation. Entrepreneurship research needs to give closer consideration to entrepreneurs dreams for autonomy and change and the processes through which these dreams may be accomplished. Emancipators entrepreneurial When entrepreneurial is viewed through an emancipators lens, there exist here core elements: (1) seeking autonomy, (2) authoring, and (3) making declarations (TABLE 1). Entrepreneurial efforts may involve breaking free from authority and breaking up perceived constraints. These constraints can be of an intellectual, psychological, economic, social, institutional or cultural nature. With regard to taking actions, authoring and making declarations locate an entrepreneurial project in the domains of organization resource exchanges and managing stakeholder interpretations. Seeking autonomy Autonomy is a goal of emancipation which is defined as breaking free from he authority of another. The hope for autonomy is one of the main drivers of efforts to become self-employed. Breaking free suggests the desire to make ones own way in the world, breaking up draws attention to the striving to imagine and create a better world. Analyzing the seeking autonomy aspects of entrepreneurial opens up the following directions in entrepreneurship research: The breaking up aspect of emancipation resonates with the Centenarians view of entrepreneurship as creative destruction. However, the emancipators view goes beyond the Centenarians view by attending to tooth the breaking free and the breaking up. Example: how do entrepreneurial efforts may be affected by different conceptualizations of autonomy? Escaping the default individualist assumptions derived from the disciplines of psychology and economics that have informed it, and theorizing and researching both deeply individualist and social aspects. It involves the breaking up of constraints. The emancipators perspective sees creative destruction as one of its goals (instead of the mean). Entrepreneurial individuals and groups often solve technological and other problems because hey are internally motivated to change their worlds. The emancipators perspective suggests that understanding the constraints that entrepreneurial individuals seek to overcome may give us better insights into the process through which entrepreneurs create (first change, then opportunities). The emancipators perspective suggests that entrepreneurship research should more closely consider the social change agendas inherent in many entrepreneurial projects in order to understand their emancipators potential. It would suggest that a distinction is not only unnecessary but potentially not laid, since many entrepreneurs seek to improve their economic positions through the impact of broader social change. Authoring As emancipators means breaking free and autonomy, taking ownership of oneself, of one acts, and of becoming a trader. The entrepreneur must necessarily attend to the variety of relationships, structures, norms, and rules within which an entrepreneurial project is undertaken. Existing research tends to emphasize how gaining support from structures of power and authority ensures the success of acts of breaking free. Individuals who seek redeem and independence, often find that they become controlled by the arrangements they make to gain legitimacy and access to resources. Viewed from an emancipators perspective, entrepreneurial involves authoring defining relationships, arrangements, and rules of engagement that preserve and potentially enhance the change potential of a given entrepreneurial project. Authoring does not refer to an outright rejection of all established norms and forms of authority but designing arrangements. The emancipators perspective emphasizes the need to consider the possibilities for resource obligation through authoring as a process for protecting the emancipators potential of new ventures. A key direction for entrepreneurship research suggested by the concept of authoring is to examine the conditions and processes through which entrepreneurs can effect such trading of places. Authoring generally about attending to the variety of relationships, structures, norms, and rules within which the entrepreneurial project is undertaken. Entrepreneurship research can make important contributions by directing greater research attention to the creative authoring of relationships and rules wrought which entrepreneurs can Pleasure their dreams and create change. Making declarations Making of declarations: unambiguous discursive and rhetorical acts regarding the actors intentions to create change. The idea of making declarations points to the need to position the project in the webs of meaning within which stakeholders interpret the value of products and activities. Existing research recognizes the importance of activities that influence established patterns of meaning for the success of new ventures. It has analyzed how symbolic and cultural resources, and symbolic actions are deployed to influence the interpretations of stakeholders. An emancipators perspective suggests that rather than disguising the difference associated with entrepreneurial activities and masking the potential contradictions through legitimating activities, entrepreneurial may involve explicitly exposing contradictions in an effort to generate stakeholder support for the intended change in the status quo. The idea of making declarations suggests several new directions: Making declarations raises consequential questions of intuit should be said and how? (signaling and disclosure), who gets to Say and who am I to say? voice), and who out there cares? (audiences). Enables researchers to consider more systematically the inevitability of concentrations arising once declarations are made. The need to systematically examine the use of cultural and symbolic resources for effecting change, rather than acquiring legitimacy. An emancipators perspective suggests the need to attend to the institutional work that accompanies entrepreneurial activities and the constitution of new institutions around new products, projects and activities. The SST articles (4) A limitation of the existing research is that it almost exclusively examines entrepreneurship within formal economies, however, a huge amount of commerce takes place within the informal economy (that segment of economic activity that is illegal within a society but is viewed as legitimate by sizable groups within the society).

Juveniles and the Death Penalty essays

Juveniles and the Death Penalty essays Neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment without possibilty of release shall be imposed for offenses committed by persons below eighteen years of age.... Convention on Rights of a Child (Article 37a) The actual execution of juvenile offenders sentenced to death began in 1642 by Thomas Graunger, in the Plymouth colony of Massachusetts. In over three and one-half centuries since that time, at least 362 juvenile offender executions have been imposed by 38 states and the federal government, and they constitute 1.8% of the total of about 20,000 confirmed American executions since 1608. Eighteen of these 362 executions for juvenile crimes have been carried out during the current era (1973-2001). They constitute only 2.4% of the total of 749 executions during this period (as of 12-31-2001), an execution rate somewhat higher than had been experienced prior to 1973. All but one of these executed juvenile offenders were age 17 at the time of their crimes, with only Sean Sellers (Oklahoma) being age 16. Currently, 38 states and the federal government (both civilian and military) have statutes authorizing the death penalty for capital crimes, almost all of which are forms of murder. Of those 40 death penalty jurisdictions, 17 jurisdictions (42%) have expressly chosen age 18 at the time of the crime as the minimum age for eligibility for that ultimate punishment. Another 5 jurisdictions (13%) have chosen age 17 as the minimum. The other 18 death penalty jurisdictions (45%) use age 16 as the minimum age, either through an express age in the statute (6 states) or by court ruling (12 states). The use of the death penalty for crimes committed under the age of 18 is banned under international human rights standards, yet some countries still permit or practice the execution of juvenile offenders. Such executions are few compared to the worldwide total number of executions. However, the fact still remains that ne ...

Palliative Sedation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Palliative Sedation - Essay Example Palliative sedation is a  beneficial  therapy  as it provides comfort and dignified death. The key  value  of palliative medicine is to  relieve  suffering (Braun,  Hagen  & Clark, 2003). It is an accepted and effective symptom  control  method  for patients with intractable physical symptoms. Palliative sedation  get  supported by beneficence,  autonomy  and double  effect  doctrine. According to  autonomy  every person has a right to  decide to regard  health status based on the beliefs, values and goals. Suffering being a personal experience, a person should be given a  chance  to choose the options they  wish  to use to relieve pain (Quill, Dresser & Brock, 1997). Based on beneficence principle, health care practitioners should  offer  care that is beneficial to patients. Relief of suffering whether physical or  emotional  is their  duty. Clinicians should  weigh  all the options and bear in mind that palliative sedation is  beneficial  to the caregivers and family  too. The double effect doctrine deals with the intention of treatment. In this case, the intention is to  relieve  suffering as the patient nears death. Before administering palliative sedation, it is necessary to ensure all other options  are exhausted, and the symptoms are  unmanageable.  Consider different options such as  intermittent, continuous and respite sedation. Caution must be exercised, and administering should be done on informed consent (Hallenbeck, 2000). Shaver, W. & Rousseau, P. (2005). A challenge to the ethical validity of palliative sedation. Program and abstracts of the American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine/Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association Annual Assembly. New Orleans,

Views on Education by Washington and Du Bois Essay

Views on Education by Washington and Du Bois - Essay Example However, many had argued on what type of education the newly freed African American people will need in the course of their lifetime. This question has given rise to the argument on the advantages and disadvantages of industrial education. With this on hand, the Industrial Education for the Negro by Booker T. Washington and On the Training of Black Men and A Negro Schoolmaster by W. E. B. Du Bois will be used to cite the advantages and disadvantages of industrial and liberal education. Booker T. Washington was one of the African Americans who were the slaves in the South. For this reason, he wrote the essay Industrial Education for the Negro. In the time that they were given their freedom, he immediately and strongly supported the industrial education for African Americans especially in the South. He believed that for an African American to live a strong and fruitful life in American soil, he or she must learn to work and earn for a living. In this manner, he had considered all types of employment as an honorable job, even doing the laundry and doing the dishes. In the process of industrial education, an African American student will be able to place his or her self in the American society and will be able to work and not be worked in the process. The learning in this type of education is necessary in order to be sufficient and skilled in the chosen industrial field. The ability to learn how to handle tools and incorporate these learning with mathematics and scienc es will allow the work to be more sophisticated, efficient, and easy. In amalgamating industrial education with mathematics, languages, letters, and sciences, a student, who will also be a future employee, will be harnessed and strengthened and will eventually be equipped for real life. It will open a door for the African American to the world of business and commerce. Washington also cited that he considered that the African Americans are capable of learning higher education and are free to achieve such education. However, he also wants to see his fellow African Americans to be able to use their â€Å"mental strengths† (Washington 357) in accomplishing daily practical activities and work. He also added that incorporating industrial education to the learning of African American students will allow them to pay for their own schooling and earn from their activities. Furthermore, he strongly believed that industrial education will not only equip African Americans in the light of industrial employments, but will also inculcate in their lives the habit to save and love their work, business, and economy they are a part of. Along with these values will also grow the individual’s moral values and religious foundation, which Washington considers supplemental values in order to appreciate and enjoy life, art, and literature. In the light of liberal education, W. E. B. Du Bois cited in his essays, On the Training of Black Men and a Negro Schoolmaster, that industrial education is essential, but it must not be the only type of education African Americans must be given. He believed that African Americans, considered as free men, must be given the chance to mold themselves into leaders that will soon rise and lead the nation. As a graduate of BA in Fisk University and PhD at Harvard University, he strongly believed that the African American youth must be given equal learning with the White in terms of arts, politics, philosophy, and other branches of knowledge . In this way, they will be raised as strong, committed, and well-educated leaders. He believed that education is not only a medium in order to teach a person to work and earn for a living, but it is the key to mold laborers to men and women in society. Working for a living