How The Law Enforcement Culture Shapes The Behavior Of...

Introduction Statement of the Problem Various research shows that the suicide rate of law enforcement officers is increasing at a high rate, and that officers are more likely to commit suicide than members of the general public. Researchers have examined possible causes and risk factors that lead to this discrepancy. Although mental health resources are available, many officers choose not to utilize them and take their own lives. Purpose The purpose of this study is to further examine how the law enforcement culture shapes the behavior of officers and their views toward suicide, and how elements of the culture agitate suicide risk factors. If a relationship between police subculture and suicide can be established, the relationship can be further studied to develop treatment and other resources that could reduce suicide rates. Significance Existing research is limited by scope and geography. Differences of size, location, function, and population makeup of various law enforcement agencies make it difficult to achieve generalized results among a few studies. The current research seeks to expand on ideas in existing research and test these ideas in various settings. Through continuous research, the goal is to understand why suicide rates among law enforcement are rising, and what can be done to reverse the trend. Literature Review The literature examines the development of police culture and its subcultures, how they shape law enforcement views and behaviors, and the linksShow MoreRelatedLaw Enforcement in the 21st Century15936 Words   |  64 PagesLaw Enforcement in a Democratic Society cha pt er 1 ISBN 0-558-46766-0 Law Enforcement in the 21 Century, Second Edition, by Heath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry. Published by Allyn Bacon. Copyright  © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. st Chapter Out line INTRODUCTION The Themes of the Book The Police Function: Social Control and the Use of Force Policing Within the Rule of Law: The Challenges of Discretion The Delicate Balance: Crime Control versus Due Process The Levels of Law Enforcement MunicipalRead MoreEssay on Criminological Theories13456 Words   |  54 Pagesof core values or philosophy. In a pure sense, an ideology states or explains how things should be, and a theory explains how things actually are. Internal Logical Consistency. A theory needs to be presented in a logical manner and to have clearly stated propositions that agree with or do not contradict one another. Restated, does the theory make logical and consistent sense? Macro. Macro theories of criminal behavior explain the â€Å"big picture† of crime—crime across the world or across a society.Read MoreA Theoretical Perspective on Dowry Deaths in India22724 Words   |  91 Pagesmodern day consequences of dowry system. c) To refer to various laws in India and find out reasons for ineffectuality. d) To analyze the trend lay down in this regard by way of various judicial decisions. e) To critically analyze the reasons for divergence between the object of law with regard to dowry death and the practice evolved by judicial precedents. Research questions: a) What is dowry? b) How has the concept of dowry evolved in India? c) What are the variousRead MoreEthical Companies12021 Words   |  49 PagesLeadership; Corporate Culture; Investment and Research; and Philanthropy. 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Families and carers are always updated on children’s or young people’s progress during their time at Clayfields and anyRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 PagesNational Security Law and the Role of Tipson 1 CHAPTER 2: Theoretical approaches to national security world order 4 CHAPTER 3: Development of the International Law of Conflict Management 5 CHAPTER 4: The Use of Force in International Relations: Norms Concerning the Initiation of Coercion (JNM) 7 CHAPTER 5: Institutional Modes of Conflict Management 17 The United Nations System 17 Proposals for Strengthening Management Institutional Modes of Conduct 23 CHAPTER 6: The Laws of War and NeutralityRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 PagesThis page intentionally left blank International Management Culture, Strategy, and Behavior Eighth Edition Fred Luthans University of Nebraska–Lincoln Jonathan P. Doh Villanova University INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT: CULTURE, STRATEGY, AND BEHAVIOR, EIGHTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright  © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions  © 2009Read MoreAlcohol Marketing and Advertising25059 Words   |  101 PagesAdvertising Practices Neil Blickman, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division of Enforcement C. Lee Peeler, Deputy Director, Bureau of Consumer Protection Mary K. Engle, Associate Director, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division of Advertising Practices Joseph Mulholland, Bureau of Economics Assistants Dawne E. Holz, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Office of Consumer and Business Education Michelle T. Meade, Law Clerk, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division of Advertising Practices ChadwickRead MoreMarketing Analysis for the Sonic 1000 Pda9811 Words   |  40 Pagesenvironment, several key considerations affecting the product will be presented, including demographic and economic trends as well as technological changes. The consumer market will then be analyzed in an effort to help explain the motivations and behaviors of consumers in the market for a Personal Data Assistant (PDA). Next, the competition will be analyzed in an effort to dissect Sonic’s strategic group by identifying the market leader and understanding its strengths and weaknesses. Using this informationRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesyou your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced student user Ask your local representative for details! Collaborate with your colleagues, find a mentor, attend virtual and live events, and view resources www.WhereFacultyConnect.com Pre-loaded, ready-to-use assignments and presentations www.wiley.com/college/quickstart Technical Support 24/7 FAQs, online chat, and phone support www.wileyplus.com/support Your WileyPLUS Account Manager

Questions On Plato s Theory Of The Forms - 1875 Words

In this essay I shall explicate and critically evaluate Plato s response to the problem of the One and the Many. To do this, I will outline briefly the emergence of this problem in Greek thought in order to further understand and contextualise Plato s theory of the Forms. I shall then offer criticisms of his theory, both positive and negative, with particular regard for the ontological, epistemological, and cosmological consequences of subscribing to the Forms. I shall then conclude whether or not the metaphysical system constructed by Plato is a convincing and wholesome answer to the One and the Many. The origins of the problem can be found in two places: the natural world, and the rationality of man. The many is present in all†¦show more content†¦In the Euthryphro Plato defines the Forms as: unchanging in themselves, that by which the particulars are what they are, and the standard for determining the nature of particulars.1 For Plato, the Forms are both â€Å"transcendent and immanent, inaccessible to the senses, apprehensible only by the intellect†.2 Not only that, they also satisfy the demands of the Eleatic tradition by following what Parmenides tabulated were the genuine characteristics of being; that it is one, eternal, and immutable. For example, the form of beauty is separate in the sense that it is a subsistent essence that is real, yet not in the sense that it is in a world of its own, spatially separate from things.3 This guarantees its fulfilment of the characteristics of being. Plato s parable of the Divided Line outlines the relation between the Forms and the particulars which possess them.4 Let us imagine a line divided unequally in two. The primary section denotes the world of sense that is the object of sight. This section can be further subdivided into shadows, images, and then objects. The second section is the intelligible world which contains the Forms and the overarching Form of the Good. Reality is therefore hierarchical and linear, there are no breaks in reality. The sensible world isn t real in the context of possessing the genuine attributes of being, but the

Essay about A Rose For Emily - In Memory Of Emily Grierson

In the short story  ¡Ã‚ §A Rose for Emily, ¡Ã‚ ¨ (1930) William Faulkner presents Miss Emily ¡Ã‚ ¦s instable state of mind through a missed sequence of events. Faulkner arranges the story in fractured time and then introduces characters who contribute to the development of Miss Emily ¡Ã‚ ¦s personality. The theme of isolation is also presented by Faulkner ¡Ã‚ ¦s descriptive words and symbolic images. amp;#9;Faulkner uses anachronism to illustrate Miss Emily ¡Ã‚ ¦s confused mind. The story is split into five sections. The first section begins with Miss Emily ¡Ã‚ ¦s funeral and moves on to her past. Faulkner first recaptures the dispensation of Miss Emily ¡Ã‚ ¦s taxes in 1894, he continues by illustrating Miss Emily ¡Ã‚ ¦s nature no to accepts new concepts. When the  ¡Ã‚ §next†¦show more content†¦While Miss Emily is still distressed by her father ¡Ã‚ ¦s death, homer ¡Ã‚ ¦s affection brings Miss Emily out of her grief. Homer Barron therefore frees Miss Emily from her reserved nature. However, the news that homer Barron is leaving town for another women pushes Miss Emily to the edge of insanity, While Miss Emily ¡Ã‚ ¦s father and Homer Barron influences Miss Emily to have the confused personality she does, Faulkner also suggests her insane behavior may be inherited. The insanity of Miss Emily ¡Ã‚ ¦s great aunt, old lady Wyatt, suggests that Miss Emily ¡Ã ‚ ¦s craziness may be passed on from her family line. By informing the reader about old lady Wyatt ¡Ã‚ ¦s insanity, Faulkner foreshadows Miss Emily ¡Ã‚ ¦s own madness. amp;#9;Not only does the author use many details to express Miss Emily ¡Ã‚ ¦s isolation, but he also uses many descriptive words. To suggest Miss Emily ¡Ã‚ ¦s separation from the modern society, Faulkner uses words such as  ¡Ã‚ §coquettish decay ¡Ã‚ ¨,  ¡Ã‚ §tarnished gold, ¡Ã‚ ¨ and  ¡Ã‚ §nobles oblique ¡Ã‚ ¨ to depict the past. (1008-1014) Faulkner expands the paradox  ¡Ã‚ §coquettish decay ¡Ã‚ ¨ to illustrates the fact that Miss Emily ¡Ã‚ ¦s house is different from any other house in the community (1009). While Miss Emily ¡Ã‚ ¦s house used to be a magnificent building in town, it has now turned to be  ¡Ã‚ §an eyesore among eyesores ¡Ã‚ ¨ (1008). With the paradox of coquettish decay, Faulkner contrasts the attractiveness of the house in the past with the unattractiveness of it in the present. The comparison betweenShow MoreRelated A Rose for Emily and The Jilting of Granny Weatherall the Share theTheme of Jilting985 Words   |  4 Pagesremarrying, hav ing four children, and living to an old age, she never let go of this memory; the loss of George continued to have an effect on her. At the end of the story, Granny asks God for a sign, and when she does not get on, she feels that God has jilted her as well. With that final feeling, she dies. A Rose for Emily, a short story written by William Faulkner in 1930, describes the life and death of Emily Grierson, a significant figure in representing traditional south and Southern values in herRead MoreThe Passing of Time in A Rose for Emily, by William Faulkner 781 Words   |  3 Pages The most inevitable aspect of time is that it continues to move on, and it forces people to move with it. In his story â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† William Faulkner illustrates the passage of time as it affects the southern hometown of Miss Emily Grierson. The narrater relates the town’s recollections of Emily’s life—the unmarried daughter of the late mayor who does not want to pay her property taxes—and eventually her death. The Gothic and horror elements of the story add to the sensational tale of an unstableRead More Narrative Worth in A Rose for Emily Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å" A Rose for Emily†, William Faulkner tells the complex tale of a woman who is battered by time and unable to move through life after the loss of each significant male figure in her life. Unlike Disney Stories, there is no prince charming to rescue fallen princess, and her assumed misery becomes the subject of everyone in the town of Jefferson, Mississippi. As the townspeople gossip about her and develop various scenarios to account for her behaviors and the unknown details of her life, Emily GriersonRead MoreBook Review of A Rose for Emily1813 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿A Rose for Emily William Faulkners 1930 short story A Rose for Emily tells the tale of the sudden death of a small, southern towns most prominent old woman; the last remaining person who had experienced the American South before the American Civil War. She had the memories within her of a period of white domination and black subjection, which is mirrored in the relationship she had with her handyman. This woman held a great deal of power in this small community. She is a remnant of the pastRead MorePowerful External Influence Has Stifled Women s Desires Throughout American Literature967 Words   |  4 PagesEllen Weatherall in â€Å"The Jilting of Granny Weatherall† and William Faulkner’s Emily Grierson in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† experience this longing for something more. Subject to the trappings of their surroundings, Emily and Ellen’s love affairs permanently affect the women but ultimately allow them to achieve total control of their lives. Small community settings in both â€Å"The Jilting of Granny Weatherall† and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† enable the townspeople to concern themselves with the personal affairs ofRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1507 Words   |  7 Pagesliterary reputation included poetry, novels, short stories, and screenplays. Faulkner won two Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction and the Nobel Prize in Literature. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a short fascinating story written by William Faulkner and it was his first short story published in a national magazine. The story involved an old woman named Emily Grierson, the daughter of a rich man that was considered a hero in the town where they lived. The story takes place in the fictional Town of Jefferson, MississippiRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner Essay1582 Words   |  7 PagesFaulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† narrates the life of Emily Grierson as seen by the villagers. Controlled by her father and her family background, Emily is a woman deprived of the opportunity to live life at its fullest and expe rience human passions such as love. Furthermore, she lacks a â€Å"sense of self† that causes her confusion and makes it difficult for her to form relationships. Due to the lack of identity and isolation presented all throughout her life, Emily suffers from psychologicalRead MoreA Rose for Emily and a Cask of Amontillado1131 Words   |  5 Pages2 In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† by William Faulkner (79-84), Emily Grierson has no concept of time. She is living in the past and refuses to accept the death of her father. She lives in an isolated fantasy where she convinces herself that her father is still alive. Emily has no intentions of accepting reality. She refuses to acknowledge the death of her father and also the death of her lover, Homer. Her character could be perceived as psychotic because she has lost contact with realityRead More William Faulkners A Rose For Emily Essay950 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the story â€Å"A Rose For Emily,† time is a continuous theme that is portrayed through symbols. The past, present, and future are represented by different people, places, and things. One of which such symbols, the main character herself, represents the essence of the past through her father, her house, and her lover. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Historically, the Grierson name was one of the most respected names in Jefferson. Throughout his lifetime, Mr. Grierson played various roles in theRead MoreEssay A Rose for Emily1064 Words   |  5 PagesA Rose for Emily In â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† William Faulkner’s symbolic use of the â€Å"rose† is essential to the story’s theme of Miss Emily’s self-isolation. The rose is often a symbol of love, and portrays an everlasting beauty. The rose has been used for centuries to illustrate an everlasting type of love and faithfulness. Even when a rose dies, it is still held in high regard. Miss Emily’s â€Å"rose† exists only within the story’s title. Faulkner leaves the reader to interpret the rose’s symbolic

Review of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Essay

Review of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest The play The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde definitely proved itself to be â€Å"A Trivial Comedy for Serious People.† I saw the play at State University’s State Theatre. The play was long, in a three-act structure, yet it moved along at a good pace. They did a nice job of preparing the audience, there was an interesting lobby display with sketches of each of the costumes with fabric samples and they played music to fit the time period before the show began. The first of Aristotle’s six components of theatre is plot. This play had an intricate and definitely interesting plot. The story begins with Ernest visiting his friend Algernon, or Algy, at his house in town.†¦show more content†¦Everyone is a bit surprised by this, since Ernest is supposedly there. Jack, distrustful of Algernons intentions toward Cecily, orders Algernon to leave by the next train. Algernon and Cecily say their goodbyes, and Cecily confesses she has been deeply in love with Ernest for a year and has made entries in her diary detailing the courtship. Algernon, wishing to stay Ernest for Cecilys sake, rushes off to the church to be rechristened Ernest. Gwendolen, Algernon’s cousin, who happens to be engaged to Jack whom she believes to be Ernest, arrives from London looking for Jack/Ernest and is escorted into the garden to meet Cecily. They sit down to afternoon tea and accidentally discover they are both in love with Ernest Worthing. Jack and Algernon return to the garden, are confronted by their lovers, and admit their true identities. Gwendolen and Cecily, each with her heart set on loving someone by the name of Ernest, retreat indoors together. Gwendolen and Cecily decide to forgive Jack and Algernon their indiscretions and promise to marry them. Lady Bracknell, Gwendolen’s mother, makes a surprise visit in order to retrieve Gwendolen. When she learns of Cecilys great fortune, she gives her consent to Algernons marriag e to Cecily. Jack refuses to give his consent, however, unless he is allowed to wed Gwendolen. Chasuble arrives to rechristen both young men when MissShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Being Earnest Satire Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesMaverick Yabut Professor Tina Regan ENGL 200 June 18, 2017 Satire in the Importance of Being Earnest Introduction Throughout Oscar Wilde’s play â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest†, Oscar Wilde routinely uses satire throughout the story amongst character dialogue and actions to scorn the Victorian society audience. Oscar uses satire to mock love, and the concept of marriage as well as the Victorian-aristocratic class system and society mentality. The play is described as â€Å"A trivial comedy for seriousRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1243 Words   |  5 PagesBiography An exuberant nonconformist and controversial playwright, eminent author Oscar Wilde produced critically acclaimed literary works that defined the essence of late Victorian England. Posthumously recognized for his only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray and satiric comedy The Importance of Being Earnest, Wilde initially acquired criticism for his immoral and unconventional style of writing. Additionally, to his dismay, strife followed Wilde in his personal life as he was notoriously triedRead MoreThe Effects Of Victorian Society s Unrealistic Expectations Of The Individual887 Words   |  4 PagesThis source is an essay examining how Wilde shows â€Å"the impact of Victorian society’s unrealistic expectations of the individual† in both The Importance of Being Earnest and The Picture of Dorian Gray. In the article, she talks about gender roles and societal expectations along with the ways characters in the play conform to or reject them. Although the essay is written by a student at McKendree University, the writing is not difficult to understand. This essay is well-documented and seems unbiasedRead MoreEssay on Is the Importance of Being Earnest a Satirical Play?1782 Words   |  8 Pagesview, has lost its sting’ (Edouard Roditi) To what extent do you agree with this response to the play? By Molly Campbell With the definition of a satire being, ‘the use of humour, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people’s stupidity’, it is ludicrous to even propose that The Importance of Being Earnest is anything other than a satirical play, as the characters relishing in the upper class of the Victorian period unknowingly mock their own habits acquired to them dueRead MoreOscar Wilde s Life And Accomplishments1949 Words   |  8 PagesOn the 16th of October 1854, Oscar Wilde was born to father William Wilde and Mother Jane Elgee (Biography.com). I can say with the utmost conviction that he grew up not only to be a good man but a great one. Oscar was one of the brightest minds of his time. Frequently he tested the boundaries of what was acceptable in polite society. He would burn a mark into our society that continued to glow white hot long after his death on November 30, 1900. Wilde left an incredible legacy behind, because ofRead MoreA Critical Anal ysis of Oscar Wildes Importance of Being Earnest3101 Words   |  12 Pagesthe Aesthete and the Leisure Class 9 The Plot vs. Characterization 9 The Analysis of Character 9 The Structure Analysis of Plot 10 The Title of the play 11 Conclusion 12 Critiquing Play Introduction The play, The Importance of Being Earnest, is written by Oscar Wilde and was first performed in London at St. Jamess Theatre on fourteen February of the year of 1895. In order to escape burdensome social obligations, fictitious personal was maintained by the protagonists in this farcicalRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire: the Importance of Being Earnest9437 Words   |  38 PagesThe Importance of being earnest Themes Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. The Nature of Marriage Marriage is of paramount importance in The Importance of Being Earnest, both as a primary force motivating the plot and as a subject for philosophical speculation and debate. The question of the nature of marriage appears for the first time in the opening dialogue between Algernon and his butler, Lane, and from this point on the subject never disappears

Stress - Mindfulness and Anxiety in Aviation

Question: Discuss about the Stress, Mindfulness and Anxiety in Aviation. Answer: Introduction According to Driskell Salas (2013), accidents take place in aviation due to the sequence of mistakes. Stress, lack of concentration and anxiety of the pilot or the aircrew seem to be main reasons behind such accidents. The task that they do is not an easy one. As opined by Leonhardt Vogt (2012), situations may occur where they lose their focus or fail to read the present situation properly resulting into a major accident. According to Wagner et al (2015), sometimes, not the individual but the organization is to be blamed for the lack of systematic scheduling of the task that has stem out of any physical and psychological reason. In such cases, one cannot do anything after the accident had already taken place. Therefore, precaution is needed to prevent it. As discussed by Wagner et al (2015), apart from technological fault, people who lead the journey are the main reason for such accidents. He continued that as soon as the reason of anxiety, stress and lack of concentration is ident ified, necessary measures should be taken. It takes both time and systematic procedure to overcome such psychological barriers. According to vine et al (2015), any physical problem can also be a reason and it should be identified too. In this essay, some accidents will be analyzed to find out the way it occurred. It will help to outline the prevalent cases and the most occurred problem. After discussing the prevalent issues, some solutions will be addressed The effect of stress, anxiety and lack of concentration in aviation According to Archer (2015), human factors play a major role in aviation safety and security. Before one reaches to the solution, it is important to understand how anxiety, stress and lack of concentration cause accidents. As pointed out by Ford et al (2013), for example, due to the improper use of terminology and heavy accents of Dutch KLM crew, an accident occurred in 1977. Reportedly, 583 passengers died in that accident. Again, in 1980, a misunderstanding occurred while giving holding pattern clearance. As a result, the jet collided with a mountain and 146 people died. According to Zhu Ma (2015), in 1990, confusion between the signal minimum fuel and fuel emergency caused an accident. As focused by Kemp et al (2013), one of the striking cases happened in 1993, when a pilot failed to understand the meaning of pull up. One can understand form these examples, that communication barrier is a major problem because communication between the aircrews operates the whole system. However, according to Kaiser (2013), miscommunication is a result of many things. These are as follows: Language Time Other people Distance Distractions Discomfort with the topic Lack of interest Disability Put downs Noise Too many questions According to Driskell et al (2014), communication is a two-way process that involves the sender and the receiver. All the above-mentioned points affect the transfer of the message between the sender and the receiver. Other physical and psychological problems such as stress and fatigue, ambiguity due to anxiety can damage the communication process. As opined by Meland et al (2015), stress is a psychological condition, which is related to the physical condition. Lack of proper sleep and physical exercise can make a person distressed and anxious. It also hampers the mindfulness. Lack of concentration, on the other hand, disrupts clear and logical thinking ultimately damaging the message transfer process and situation awareness. All these physical and psychological issues are interrelated. According to Ursin (2012), clear thinking that leads to decision-making is guided by the emotions. When a person is wrong, he confidently takes wrong decisions. According to Wang et al (2013, October), moreover, stress leads to confusion and discomfort. The mind can come to a point of stagnancy due to this discomfort. Self-development is the only way to solve this problem. Wang et al (2013, October) added an example, in 1994; stress factor resulted into an accident in Pittsburgh. As opined by Powell (2016), an intense level of stress hardens the skill operation. It may be that the person is skilled and had no bad reputation yet under a stressful condition he failed to manage the situation through an application of survival strategies. The pilot receives the threat and under stress, he loses the ability to continue with his high-level performance. Effects of communication barrier at organizational level An effective communication can reduce the confusion within the cockpit and prevent the accident. It can make the pilot or any other aircrew aware about the situation for taking the right decision at the right time. According to Martins (2016), in aviation, English is the standardized language and the common terminologies are in English. It is because aviation is a global business serving the customers worldwide. The organization runs smoothly if the customers are happy and satisfied. As opined by Baker (2013), it demands clarity of thought, politeness, calmness and a good temper. According to Linacre Linacre (2016), stress and anxiety can damage the communication process here. It has an effect at the organizational level because the customers expect a good service from the pilot, customer service agent, cabin crew, pilot, or from an air traffic controller. While transferring the non-verbal messages such as symbols and gestures, the situation is even more complex. The common errors c an be the failure to decode the symbols, misinterpretation of runway designator, misinterpretation of height or attitude, and misinterpretation of clearances including take off, hold positions, landing and hold short. According to Ikusika (2012), any miscommunication between the pilot and the Air Traffic Controller (ATC) is dangerous. As opined by Clay-Williams Colligan (2015), reportedly, ATC- pilot misunderstanding was the reason behind almost 200 cases of accidents previously. Apart from it, the pilot and the cabin crew also need an uninterrupted communication for the smooth workflow. As discussed by Conway et al (2013, September), whereas the psychological barriers have an impact, the physical barriers that affect the communication are the following: Cockpit door allows less face-to-face communication because of the separation Cockpit personnel work in a confined place In spite of the short space, many people interact inside it Other reasons of communication barrier between the pilot and the cabin crew are the following. According to Taylor et al (2014), these factors create hazard at the time of any emergency task. Cultural difference between the pilot and the cabin crew Joint training between the cabin crew and the flight crew is limited Formal and informal interactions between them is restricted by the schedules Communication between them is affected by the stress and anxiety due to the emergency task Communication barriers are present at the organizational level too, i.e. barriers within the organization. As discussed by Leonhardt Vogt (2012), it is due to the difference in objectives for example, the safety versus service. Difference in manuals and training procedures determines the skill and ability of the aircrews and the pilot. As opined by Baker (2013), development of the skill encourages fewer instances of confusion and anxiety. Although the organizational goal remains the maintenance of safety and security, the flight crew and cabin crew have their own separate tasks and they need to fulfill them by exercising both knowledge and attention. According to Archer (2015), whereas, the flight crew is responsible for taking the aircraft safely to the destination, the cabin crew takes care of the safety of the passengers. However, for a systematic and organized workflow both the cabin crew and the flight crew work collaboratively. Thus, safety and security of the aviation is main tained and maximized. Reasons of physical, psychological and physiological stress in aviation According to Ikusika (2012), focusing on aviation sector, some specific reasons for stress can be outlined. These are the following: High temperature inside the cockpit or hanger creates an uncomfortable situation due to perspiration and overheating. Low temperature makes them weak and distressed. Changing air pressure exerts g-force on the body and makes the controlling of the aircraft a difficult task Vibration of the seat makes the reading of navigational chart difficult Anything more than the usual noise level that ranges from 70-80 dB is the reason behind stress and it hampers the concentration level Technical data is difficult to read inside the work area due to poor lightings. Use of torch cannot solve this problem Intense fog makes the visibility difficult. As opined by Meland et al (2015), the psychological barriers include both the personal and work related problems that make an aircrew over-anxious. As a result, it affects the workflow. Apart from it, there are some physiological barriers too. These are as following: Continuation of the work instead of unwell physical condition, especially, in case of a pilot. He fails to concentrate on his job properly due to illness. Insufficient meals in between the journeys can worsen the physical condition Lack of proper sleep creates fatigue. It happens because the pilot is scheduled to perform long hours job The circadian cycle of the body is affected due to conflicting schedules of the shifts. It degrades the performance level Remedies to the situations It is already discussed that stress and anxiety and lead to miscommunication which can hamper the skill and ability of an individual in aviation. How it affects at the organizational level is also detailed. Now, the possible solutions for the identified problems will be recommended. According to Wagner et al (2015), for the purpose of stress management, Cognitive Resilience can be a useful tool. Psychological stress is linked to physical stress. Vine et al (2015) opined that one could measure the stress level and the ability for maintaining situational awareness through CR. It is important for an aircrew to understand how much he is cognitively fit. According to Clay-Williams Colligan (2015), consultation with the therapist is necessary in case of setting the soft benchmark to measure CR and for the hard benchmark one should go to endocrinologist. According to Ikusika (2012), hard benchmark helps to evaluate the fitness associated to stress management. Experiential learning, which i ncludes time-limited back counting, exercise, and checking of the heart rate develop skill. According to, stress management involves a set of skills. Meland et al (2015) opined that hard benchmark becomes soft benchmark as time passes. Meland et al (2015) added that kill development through stress management develops the understanding level. Stress is first a physical condition and then a psychological one. Therefore, it is important to reduce the physical stress. It can be done through the following: Proper 8 hours sleep per day is necessary. If it is inadequate, one should extend the time of sleeping on the other days. According to Zhu Ma, (2015), a proper and comfortable sleep, which includes Melatonin cycle, i.e. fade in and fade out of light, increases the level of clear thinking. Systematic physical exercise relaxes the body and encourages comfortable sleep that ultimately removes stress Development of concentration level through practice increases ability of situation awareness. It is the cognitive fitness, which enables one to take good decisions. However, this cognitive fitness should be maintained. However, Clay-Williams Colligan (2015), discussed that airmanship should involve the following: Critical thinking Threat and Error Management Operational Mindfulness Decision making Situational Awareness As opined by Ursin (2012), mindfulness can be developed through the following: Experiential training Training of the mind to develop unbiased judgment Development of awareness control To understand the mindfulness, the aircrews should engage in a critical analysis of the situation that they go through if they are unable to make out the problem. According to Meland et al (2015), introspection should include the following questions: How is the problem connected to my task? Do I have adequate and proper information associated to the task? Where should I focus more? Do my mind divert from the actual problem? Am I not able to understand the relevant problems? How much my point is relevant to the issue I am addressing? What are the facts that can help me get the answers? How much the considerations that I have outlined truly answer my queries? According to Driskell Salas (2013), to be able to control the thinking process should be the objective of the aircrews for the development of mindfulness and situational awareness. According to Zhu Ma (2015), some queries during the process of introspection can discipline the thinking process. These are the following: Is it the proper question to ask at the present situation? Is there any major issue that I should address at the present situation? Does the question focus on the real issue? What information do I need to solve the queries? What should be the justified conclusion of the facts questioned? What is my point of view? Should I apply another point of view? Is there any other way to analyze? What are the related questions that I should take account? Such ways of critical thinking is self- disciplined, self- directed and self-monitored. As a result of critical thinking, situation awareness is increased that leads an aircrew to take proper decision. Conclusion Throughout the discussion, it is brought out that human factor plays a major role in aviation. It is essential that they maintain a smooth workflow. However, the past events have showed how one simple mistake can lead to a major accident that takes away many lives. There are many interrelated reasons behind these accidents. Some happened due to the disorganized working environment, and most of them occurred because of the failure from the pilots side. Misunderstanding due to miscommunication seems to be one of the primary reasons. However, it is already discussed how these miscommunication can borne out of the lack of concentration and psychological stress. There are other reasons too, which create miscommunication, but stress, anxiety and lack of concentration in a pilot can become very dangerous. It is a well-known fact that the task of a pilot needs a lot of concentration, situation awareness and presence of mind. Whereas, physical stress and fatigue affects the concentration leve l and damages the situation, it also hampers the communication between the personnel who work together for the accomplishment of the tasks. There are some methods through which physical stress and fatigue can be overcome. It reduces the anxiety level and enables the unhindered transfer of messages between the sender and the receiver. Proper sleep and physical exercise are the two most necessary elements that remove physical stress. There are some other ways too which have been discussed. Apart from the ensuring security at the individual level, organizational framework and their working procedure have an impact on the safety and security of the aviation. Reference Archer, S. K. (2015). Gender, Communication, and Aviation Incidents/Accidents.Journal of Media Critiques [JMC],1(2). Baker, R. (2013).Understanding Trauma: how to overcome post-traumatic stress. Lion Books. Driskell, J. E., Salas, E. (Eds.). (2013).Stress and human performance. Psychology Press. Driskell, T., Driskell, J. E., Salas, E. (2014). Stress, performance, and decision making in organizations.Judgment and decision making at work, 251-276. Ford, J., Henderson, R., O'Hare, D. (2013). Barriers to intra-aircraft communication and safety: The perspective of the flight attendants.The International Journal of Aviation Psychology,23(4), 368-387. Kaiser, S. A. (2013). Automation and Limits of Human Performance: Potential Factors in Aviation Accidents.ZLW,62, 204. Kemp, P. M., Cardona, P. S., Chaturvedi, A. K., Soper, J. W. (2013).Distribution of 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-Nor-9-Carboxy-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Postmortem Biological Fluids and Tissues From Pilots Fatally Injured in Aviation Accidents(No. DOT/FAA/AM-13/24). Leonhardt, J., Vogt, M. J. (Eds.). (2012).Critical incident stress management in aviation. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Linacre, S., Linacre, S. (2016). Stressing the importance of stress.Human Resource Management International Digest,24(6), 37-39. Martins, A. P. (2016). A review of important cognitive concepts in aviation.Aviation,20(2), 65-84. Meland, A., Fonne, V., Wagstaff, A., Pensgaard, A. M. (2015). Mindfulness-based mental training in a high-performance combat aviation population: A one-year intervention study and two-year follow-up.The International Journal of Aviation Psychology,25(1), 48-61. Powell, S. K. (2016). Mindfulness, Multitasking, and You.Professional case management,21(2), 61-62. Ursin, H. (Ed.). (2012).Psychobiology of stress: A study of coping men. Elsevier. Vine, S. J., Uiga, L., Lavric, A., Moore, L. J., Tsaneva-Atanasova, K., Wilson, M. R. (2015). Individual reactions to stress predict performance during a critical aviation incident.Anxiety, Stress, Coping,28(4), 467-477. Wagner, M., Sahar, Y., Elbaum, T., Botzer, A., Berliner, E. (2015). Grip Force as a Measure of Stress in Aviation.The International Journal of Aviation Psychology,25(3-4), 157-170. Wang, H., Xie, G., Zheng, J. (2013, October). A New Model of Psychological Education for General Aviation Trainees. InInternational Academic Workshop on Social Science (IAW-SC-13). Atlantis Press. Zhu, S. X., Ma, W. L. (2015). Cockpit/cabin Crew Communication: Problems and Countermeasures. InInternational Conference on Education, Management, Commerce and Society (EMCS15). Ikusika, O. M., Joseph, L., Nagy, P. (2012). The Safety Attitudes Questionnaire in radiology: a cornerstone of a successful quality program.Journal of the American College of Radiology,9(2), 150-151. Clay-Williams, R., Colligan, L. (2015). Back to basics: checklists in aviation and healthcare.BMJ quality safety,24(7), 428-431. Conway, D., Dick, I., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Chen, F. (2013, September). The effect of stress on cognitive load measurement. InIFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction(pp. 659-666). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Taylor, A., Dixon-Hardy, D. W., Wright, S. J. (2014). Simulation training in UK general aviation: An undervalued aid to reducing loss of control accidents.The International Journal of Aviation Psychology,24(2), 141-152.

Internet Communication free essay sample

The internet, since discovered as a powerful communication tool has grown, expanded and spread through out the world like wild fire. It has since become arguably the most powerful source of communication and resource. Many people in the world have access to the internet and almost every company has full access to surf the net. The internet has broadened our horizons in ways we never dreamt to be possible. Advertising on web pages, e-mail, instant chat, video conferencing and many other ways of communicating has evolved through out the years. As most of us know, the internet was developed for the United States army as a source of communication but it soon became public. Take for an example some of the things that we can do on the net. You can log in and instantly see which of your friends are online. You can send them an instant message, e-mail them, chat or make a video call. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If you are working online then you can see which of your colleagues are online and work with them. All these methods are used for communication. Lets look at some of these methods in detail. Take for an example e-mail. E-mail was one of the first ways we started to use the internet. It was not too long ago that we started using this facility. You type what you want and send the mail to the relevant mail address. The message is delivered electronically. It takes a matter of minutes if not seconds for the message to be delivered. When e-mail first came into the scene it was not possible for you to just walk into any remote computer lab and view your e-mails. But now this is possible with web based e-mail. Companies like Microsoft, Yahoo and G-mail provide free web based e-mail. If you dont mind seeing some advertising on your web page then any one can sign up and use these services free of charge. It is not only as online text that you can send e-mails. Now there is the facility where you can attach files and mail them to who ever you want. You can attach files, folders, wave files, pictures and any other sort of file you can think of provided that the size and format is compatible on both ends. Now its also possible to encrypt your e-mail messages. Once the file is encrypted it is almost impossible to be viewed by any third party. This depends according to the level of inscription that you place. A 512 or 1024 bit encryption is brick solid and would take a super computer about five years to decode. The next best thing to e-mail is chatting. Chat services allow you to actually have a live conversation with another person or a group of people. Now it is possible to chat online through the web browser it self. There are many chat services available on the net. Some chat services provide the facility where you can have a private chat with any of your friends. We also find chat services with chat rooms. Most of the providers now separate these chat rooms by names; say romance, cars, technology, medicine or any other topic you can imagine. In chat rooms all your conversations can be seen by other people. This kind of chat is common to all. Chatting is also used within companies and organization for official use. The next step was video conferencing. You can see and talk to another person or a group of people provided you have a web cam and a head set with a mike. Some providers give this facility totally free of charge. If you have a high speed internet connection the quality of the video will be high. It is actually better than the telephone because you actually get to see the person youre talking too. All these technological advances exploded during the last few years. The internet has shown us new ways of communication and has actually taken communication to a whole new level. Now it is almost impossible to imagine life or communication with out the internet.